Material savings through structural steel reuse: A case study in Genoa
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pongiglione and Calderini (2014) found that reusing steel in a theoretical train station design in Italy could save 30% of new steel, equating to a 30% saving in embodied energy and carbon, estimated at 2915 GJ and 138 TCO2e respectively.
“Comparing two designs, one with new steel, and one with a combination of new and reused steel, a 30% saving in use of new steel was identified.This equated to a 30% saving in embodied energy and carbon, estimated at 2915GJ and 138 TCO2e respectively.”
From Understanding and overcoming the barriers to structural steel reuse, a UK perspective (2017) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, (2014)
Reusing recovered components, such as structural components, to serve the same purpose has a positive impact on the success of reuse.
“Some articles advise that reusing the recovered components, such as the structural components, to serve the same purpose (for instance, similar loads) has a positive impact on the success of this intervention (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
Availability of information about the characteristics, details, certificates and drawings of recovered building components can positively contribute to increasing reuse rates.
“According to Gorgolewski (2008), Gorgolewski et al. (2008) and Pongiglione and Calderini (2014), the availability of information about the characteristics, details, certificates and drawings of the recovered building components can positively contribute to increasing the reuse rates as well.”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini (2014)
Deconstruction instead of demolition can enhance the reusability of the recovered components.
“Based on the reviewed articles, deconstruction instead of demolition can enhance the reusability of the recovered components (Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Hglmeier et al., 2013; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014; Yeung et al., 2015 (among others)).”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
To secure safety, new components should be over-dimensioned, resulting in overdesigned structures.
“However, to secure the safety of such structures, the new components should be over-dimensioned, which eventually results in overdesigned structures (Brütting et al., 2019; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
Because deconstruction is not considered at the design stage, building components are prone to more damage during the deconstruction phase.
“Because deconstruction is not considered at the design stage, building components are prone to more damage during the deconstruction phase (Chini and Acquaye, 2001; Gorgolewski, 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
Difficulty in designing with reused components is a barrier to widespread reuse of building components.
“Difficulty in designing with the reused components is another barrier to the widespread reuse of the building components (Brütting et al., 2019; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014; Tingley et al., 2017).”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
In designing a new structure using recovered components, new structural elements should be used as well due to architectural and structural reasons.
“Pongiglione and Calderini (2014) discuss that in the process of designing a new structure using the recovered components, due to architectural and structural reasons, new structural elements should be used as well.”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
The design gap results in permanent joints, composite joints, and hard-to-access connections.
“Some outcomes of this design gap are permanent joints (welding, etc.) (Gorgolewski, 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014; Tingley et al., 2017), composite joints (Tingley et al., 2017) and hard to access connections (Tingley et al., 2017)”
From Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014
In a case study of reusing steel components, Pongigilione and Calderini describe the construction of a railway station in Genoa, where the reuse of steel components was an explicit design objective.
“A case study of reusing steel components, Pongigilione and Calderini [88] describe the construction of a railway station in Genoa, where the reuse of steel components was an explicit design objective.”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
30% of the steel in the new Genoa station came in the form of components from the demolished station.
“30% of the steel in the new station came in the form of components from the demolished station.”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
Cites
Life-cycle energy use in office buildings
Cole, R. J., & Kernan, P. C. (1996) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/0360-1323(96)00017-0 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Options for Achieving a 50% Cut in Industrial Carbon Emissions by 2050
Allwood, J. M., Cullen, J. M., & Milford, R. L. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es902909k · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Developing an LCA methodology to account for the environmental benefits of design for deconstruction
Densley Tingley, D., & Davison, B. (2012) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.005 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Reuse system of building steel structures
Fujita, M., & Iwata, M. (2006) · Structure and Infrastructure Engineering · doi:10.1080/15732470600720351 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies
Danatzko, J. M., & Sezen, H. (2011) · Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction · doi:10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000095 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
(2006) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The use of the LCA polygon framework in waste management
Géorgakèllos, D. A. (2006) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/14777830610670544 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Guy, B. (2006) · Journal of Green Building · doi:10.3992/jgb.1.1.102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mapping a Structure's Impact on the Environment
Sarkisian, M., Hu, L., & Shook, D. A. (2012) · Structures Congress 2012 · doi:10.1061/9780784412367.080 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Guy, B. (2006) · International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management · doi:10.1504/ijetm.2006.009003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hertwich, E. G., Ali, S., Ciacci, L., Fishman, T., Heeren, N., Masanet, E., Asghari, F. N., Olivetti, E., Pauliuk, S., Tu, Q., et al. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab0fe3 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Links between circular economy and climate change mitigation in the built environment
Gallego‐Schmid, A., Chen, H.-M., Sharmina, M., & Mendoza, J. M. F. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121115 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Understanding and overcoming the barriers to structural steel reuse, a UK perspective
Densley Tingley, D., Cooper, S., & Cullen, J. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.006 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Iacovidou, E., & Purnell, P. (2016) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.098 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Components reuse in the building sector – A systematic review
Rakhshan, K., Morel, J.-C., Alaka, H., & Charef, R. (2020) · Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy · doi:10.1177/0734242x20910463 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Some articles advise that reusing the recovered components, such as the structural components, to serve the same purpose (for instance, similar loads) has a positive impact on the success of this intervention (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialDesign of Truss Structures Through Reuse
Brütting, J., Desruelle, J., Senatore, G., & Fivet, C. (2018) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2018.11.006 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Recovery and reuse of structural products from end-of-life buildings
Hopkinson, P., Chen, H.-M., Zhou, K., Wang, Y., & Lam, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability · doi:10.1680/jensu.18.00007 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sharma, N., Kalbar, P. P., & Muhammad, S. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109413 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
How Do Intelligent Goods Shape Closed-Loop Systems?
Rajala, R., Hakanen, E., Mattila, J., Seppälä, T., & Westerlund, M. (2018) · California Management Review · doi:10.1177/0008125618759685 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Statistical and geographical study on demolished buildings
Huuhka, S., & Lahdensivu, J. (2014) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/09613218.2014.980101 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ali, A. K., Wang, Y., & Alvarado, J. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.202 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Reusing concrete panels from buildings for building: Potential in Finnish 1970s mass housing
Huuhka, S., Kaasalainen, T., Hakanen, J. H., & Lahdensivu, J. (2015) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.017 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Brütting, J., Vandervaeren, C., Senatore, G., Temmerman, N. D., & Fivet, C. (2020) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109827 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
From Waste Management to Component Management in the Construction Industry
Rose, C., & Stegemann, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10010229 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Fuel crisis: slash demand in three sectors to protect economies and climate
Creutzig, F. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01616-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Byers, B. S., Raghu, D., Olumo, A., Wolf, C. D., & Haas, C. T. (2023) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2023.12.017 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The role of geometric characterization in supporting structural steel reuse decisions
Yeung, J., Walbridge, S., & Haas, C. (2015) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.08.017 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Impact of Construction Material on Environment
Mehra, S., Singh, M., Sharma, G., Kumar, S., Navishi, & Chadha, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76073-1_22 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Passoni, C., Palumbo, E., Pinho, R., & Marini, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148860 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mhatre, P., Gedam, V. V., & Unnikrishnan, S. (2021) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102446 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Driving Factors For Construction Waste Minimization: Empirical Studies in Hong Kong and Shenzhen
Wu, Z., Yu, A. T. W., Wang, H., Wei, Y., & Huo, X. (2019) · Journal of Green Building · doi:10.3992/1943-4618.14.4.155 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A simplified multi-performance approach to life-cycle assessment of steel structures
Romano, E., Cascini, L., D’Aniello, M., Portioli, F. P. A., & Landolfo, R. (2020) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2020.05.053 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fisch-Romito, V. (2021) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102362 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Machado, R. C., de Souza, H. A., & Veríssimo, G. D. S. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10082604 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Framework for Designing Sustainable Structures through Steel Beam Reuse
Kim, S.-J., & Kim, S.-A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12229494 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A multi-method approach for analysing the potential employment impacts of material efficiency
Cooper, S., Skelton, A. C. H., Owen, A., Densley-Tingley, D., & Allwood, J. M. (2016) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.014 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Carbon emissions of prefabricated steel structure components: A case study in China
Huang, Z., Zhou, H., Tang, H., Zhao, Y., & Lin, B. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137047 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ghailani, H., Zaidan, A. A., Qahtan, S., Alsattar, H. A., Al‐Emran, M., Deveci, M., & Delen, D. (2023) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110606 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nahangi, M., Güven, G., Olanrewaju, B., & Saxe, S. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126388 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bartsch, H. (2025) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110057 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wen, R., Qi, S., & Jrade, A. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8080807 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kim, S.-J., & Kim, S.-A. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126697 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
21.03: Reusability indicator for steel‐framed buildings and application for an industrial hall
Hradil, P., Talja, A., Ungureanu, V., Koukkari, H., & Fülöp, L. (2017) · ce/papers · doi:10.1002/cepa.511 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Applying Circular Economic Principles to Reduce Embodied Carbon
Tingley, D. D., Giesekam, J., & Cooper‐Searle, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72796-7_12 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Building material reuse: An optimization framework for sourcing new and reclaimed building materials
Olumo, A., & Haas, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143892 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Automated planar truss design with reclaimed partially disassembled steel truss components
Marcke, A. V., Laghi, V., & Carstensen, J. V. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108458 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Küpfer, C., Bertola, N., Brütting, J., & Fivet, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainability · doi:10.3389/frsus.2021.689877 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Modulares Wiederverwenden von Bestandstragwerken
Mark, P., Sanio, D., Balzani, D., Curoșu, I., Hafner, A., König, M., Kuhlenkötter, B., Thewes, M., Baille, W., Hackl, K., et al. (2025) · Bautechnik · doi:10.1002/bate.70000 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Keller, P., McConnell, J. R., Schumacher, T., & Thostenson, E. T. (2019) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002384 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Critical technical design principles for maximizing the reuse of building components
Forghani, R., Sher, W., & Kanjanabootra, S. (2021) · International Journal of Construction Management · doi:10.1080/15623599.2021.1959126 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
RE:SLAB—a load bearing system for open-ended component reuse in building structures
Estrella, X., Mureșan, A., Brütting, J., Redaelli, D., & Fivet, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2024.1355445 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
He, J., Zhou, X., Xu, F., Shi, Y., & Okazaki, T. (2023) · Thin-Walled Structures · doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111442 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Collapse of the Global Consumption Model: in Search of Sustainability
Бобылев, С. Н., Solovyeva, S., & Kiryushin, P. (2022) · World Economy and International Relations · doi:10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-11-92-100 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Systematic Mapping of Circular Economy in Structural Engineering
Seeberg, H. R., Haakonsen, S. M., & Luczkowski, M. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14041165 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Steel reuse for sustainable design of large-span structures: The case of gridshells
Ascione, F., Esposito, F., Faiella, D., & Mele, E. (2025) · Journal of Constructional Steel Research · doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2025.109743 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Towards solar metallurgy: Iron ore reduction by ammonia under concentrated light flux
Luu, M., Sanglard, B., Lachaize, S., & Carrey, J. (2025) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2025.113250 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Direct reuse of the end‐of‐use structural steel: Assessing the economic and carbon reduction effects
Lee, H., Shih, H., & Ma, H. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.70044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Optimised steel frame design using reclaimed steel: Logistics impact on reuse efficiency
Mahdavipour, M. A., Faramarzi, A., Dirar, S., Theofanous, M., Moghadam, S. J., Feng, Q., Kookalani, S., Parn, E. A., & Brilakis, I. (2025) · Journal of Constructional Steel Research · doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2025.110046 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Decision support tool for designing out waste: a conceptual framework
Tong, N., Domingo, N., & Le, A. (2024) · Smart and Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1108/sasbe-03-2024-0083 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vela, S., Calderini, C., Rosasco, P., & Strazza, C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114638 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationEsposito, F., Ascione, F., Faiella, D., & Mele, E. (2026) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2026.111304 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Calculating embodied carbon for reused structural components with laser scanning
Byers, B. S., Gordon, M., Wolf, C. D., & Iuorio, O. (2023) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003323020-15 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Feasibility of Reusing Damaged Steel Beams in Temporary Structures
El-Ariss, B., & Elkholy, S. A. (2021) · Infrastructures · doi:10.3390/infrastructures6050069 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sustainability Assessment of Demountable and Reconfigurable Steel Structures
Miguélez, A. O., Abalde, F. F., Cabaleiro, M., & Cavalheiro, F. N. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15203651 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kröll, K. V., Schröder, T., Bekkering, J. D., & Fivet, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2025.1682662 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
van Engelenburg, M., Berrill, P., Behrens, P., Deetman, S., Fishman, T., Pauliuk, S., Hauenstein, C., Hertwich, E. G., Jiang, M., Edelenbosch, O. Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s44498-026-00055-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Decarbonizing global steel production
Wang, P., Yin, Y.-L., Li, Z., Bataille, C., Franks, D. M., Watari, T., Åhman, M., Nilsson, L. J., Ma, X., Meng, J., et al. (2026) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-026-00786-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zukunftsfähiger Stahlbau – Gamechanger zugunsten der Nachhaltigkeit
Uszball, S., Knobloch, M., Bartsch, H., & Feldmann, M. (2025) · Stahlbau · doi:10.1002/stab.202500036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
YAPI ELEMANLARININ YENİDEN KULLANIMI VE ENVANTER KISITLI YAPISAL OPTİMİZASYON
SEZER, S., Özbaşaran, H., & HİÇYILMAZ, M. (2023) · Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi mühendislik ve mimarlık fakültesi dergisi :/Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.31796/ogummf.1280445 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Automatic design generation of trusses from a reused steel stock library using graphic statics
Seats, D. C., Schultz, J. A., & Carstensen, J. V. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111166 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Material Reuse in the European Union Construction Sector: A Review
Silva, I. D., Martinho, G., & Ramos, M. (2026) · Recycling · doi:10.3390/recycling11040079 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reuse of Existing Buildings Through Exoskeletons Structures Made of Reused Steel Elements
Ascione, F., Esposito, F., Faiella, D., & Mele, E. (2025) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87312-6_35 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Generative Truss Design from Irregular Inventories Using Deep Reinforcement LearningPreprint
Sørensen, K.-J. I., & Mueller, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5460395
Matching Reused Elements to Structural Designs for Steel Reuse
Kookalani, S., Parn, E. A., Brilakis, I., Luo, P., Alavi, H., Wang, M., & Green, S. (2025) · ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering (i3CE) · doi:10.1061/9780784486122.002
Hemmerling, J., Huber, M., & Schneider, O. (2025) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1554/1/012006
Malešev, M., Radonjanin, V., Askar, R., Nadaždi, A., Bas, B., Rajić, M., Celik, M., Avşar, E., Starčev-Čurčin, A., Bulatović, V., et al. (2026) · Gradjevinski materijali i konstrukcije · doi:10.5937/grmk2600007m
Sustainable reuse of building materials—when idea meets reality
Garnevičius, M., Grubliauskas, R., & Gribniak, V. (2026) · European Journal of Environmental and Civil engineering · doi:10.1080/19648189.2026.2691108
Reused steel rebars after demolition: From corroded surface renewal to repassivation
Machado, L., Ferreira, L. T., Angulo-Ramírez, D. E., & Angulo, S. C. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116671
Alqawzai, S., & Nguyen, T. Q. (2026) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2026.113050
- Authors
- Pongiglione, M., & Calderini, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pongiglione, M.
- Venue
- Resources, Conservation and Recycling
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 86
- Pages
- 87-92
- ISSN
- 0921-3449 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070826998
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Resources Conservation and Recycling (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance
- Keywords
- construction and demolition waste, railway station design, industrial building reuse, sustainable design, Genoa
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
