CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 124Extraction and Separation ProcessesRecycling and Waste Management TechniquesEnvironmental Impact and Sustainability

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Simulation-based life cycle assessment for hydrometallurgical recycling of mixed LIB and NiMH waste

Open access
Rinne, Marja, Elomaa, Heini, Porvali, Antti, Lundström, Mari·2021·Resources Conservation and Recycling
DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105586
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The sustainable and competitive recovery of materials from spent batteries is becoming an urgent issue due to the increasing popularity of hybrid and fully electric vehicles. In this present study, flowsheet simulation was combined with life cycle assessment to investigate the environmental impacts of a conceptual, experimentally proven hydrometallurgical battery recycling process, where nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery waste is used as reductant for lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste, synergistically improving the extraction of valuable metals from both waste types. Various options for sodium circulation in the precipitation of rare earths were considered in different scenarios. The results showed that the main benefit of the process was the reduced consumption of leaching chemicals. Of the investigated sodium management scenarios, crystallization of sodium sulfate was found to be the most environmentally feasible option, allowing the use of Na as a precipitation chemical for rare earth recovery. Significant potential reductions in climate change, acidification, freshwater eutrophication, and human toxicity were also achievable when compared to the life cycle impacts of the primary production of battery metals, mainly due to the high environmental footprint of primary nickel and cobalt sulfate production. Although further improvements to the process were found to be possible, the future availability of waste NiMH batteries may limit the application of the described process concept on an industrial scale.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105586

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 51 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. ACEA, 2020, New passenger car registrations by fuel type in the European Union – Quarter 4 2019, European Automobile Manufacturers Association, 10
  2. Directive, 1999, /31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste, 1999, Off. J. L., 182, 0001
  3. Directive, 2006, /66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC, 2006, Offic. J. L., 266, 1
  4. European Commission, 2020. Study on the EU's List of Critical Raw Materials. DOI: 10.2873/11619. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–124 of 124

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Rinne, M., Elomaa, H., Porvali, A., & Lundström, M.
Affiliations
Aalto University (FI)
Corresponding author
Rinne, Marja
ORCID
Venue
Resources Conservation and Recycling
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-07
Volume
170
Pages
105586
ISSN
0921-3449 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105586
OpenAlex
W3143555413
Cited by
124
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 5
FWCI
7.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Resources Conservation and Recycling (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Suomen Akatemia
  • Aalto-Yliopisto
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Keywords
lithium-ion battery waste, flowsheet simulation, life cycle assessment, rare earth recovery, sodium sulfate precipitation, nickel recovery, cobalt recovery, electric vehicle batteries

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review