Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
Open accessAbstract
Rapid growth in the market for electric vehicles is imperative, to meet global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality in urban centres and to meet the needs of consumers, with whom electric vehicles are increasingly popular. However, growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. Nevertheless, spent batteries may also present an opportunity as manufacturers require access to strategic elements and critical materials for key components in electric-vehicle manufacture: recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress.
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There are a variety of techniques used to recover materials from lithium-ion batteries, with a special focus on lithium and the other critical minerals.
“There are a variety of techniques used to recover materials from lithium-ion batteries, with a special focus on lithium and the other critical minerals [57].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Among all environmental factors, temperature has the greatest impact on the charge and discharge performance of lithium ion batteries.
“Among all environmental factors, temperature has the greatest impact on the charge and discharge performance of lithium ion batteries [10].”
From The Influence of Temperature on the Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries with Different Anodes (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
The Stabilization and passivation of end-of-life batteries section says increasing temperature shortens discharge time in a salt solution during recycling. It does not compare environmental factors or discuss temperature’s effect on normal charging and discharging performance. Searches for the claimed comparison and for temperature-related battery performance found no passage addressing it. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClosed-loop recycling will gain importance, depending on EV fleet and battery chemistry developments, second-use, and other factors such as standardization, legislation, business models, eco-design, collection systems, and recycling technology.
“Closed-loop recycling will gain importance, depending on EV fleet and battery chemistry developments, second-use, and other factors, such as standardization 42 , legislation, business models 43 , eco-design or design for recycling 44 , collection systems, and recycling technology”
From Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Direct recycling aims at recovering cathode materials while maintaining their chemical structures, which could be economically and environmentally advantageous, but it is currently still in early development stages.
“Direct recycling aims at recovering cathode materials while maintaining their chemical structures, which could be economically and environmentally advantageous 28 ; however, it is currently still in early development stages”
From Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
The difference between recycling technologies is not so much in recycling efficiency for individual materials, but whether materials are recovered and in what chemical form and purity.
“The difference between the recycling technologies is not so much in the recycling efficiency for individual materials, but whether materials are recovered and in what chemical form and purity”
From Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Harper, G., Sommerville, R., Kendrick, E., Driscoll, L., Slater, P., Stolkin, R., Walton, A., Christensen, P., Heidrich, O., Lambert, S., Abbott, A., Ryder, K., Gaines, L., & Anderson, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harper, Gavin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-11-06
- Volume
- 575
- Issue
- 7781
- Pages
- 75-86
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2983762108
- Cited by
- 3,890
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 735 · 2025: 827 · 2024: 702 · 2023: 584 · 2022: 486 · 2021: 371 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 23.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-01-21)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Faraday Institution (FIRG005, FIRG005 and FIRG006, FIRG006)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S003053/1)
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery recycling, electric vehicles, spent batteries, critical raw materials recovery, end-of-life vehicles, waste management, secondary raw materials
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