The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycled content standards for the US – targets, costs, and environmental impacts
Open accessAbstract
Lithium-ion battery recycling can decrease life cycle environmental impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and assist in securing domestic supply chains. However, the US, the third largest market for EVs, has no policies for recycling of batteries at their end-of-life. The European Union has proposed recycled content standards (RCSs) to help drive a circular battery ecosystem. This analysis calculates feasible RCSs for the US based on future sale projections, techno-economic assessment, life cycle assessment, and material flow analysis. Using a 95% confidence interval, results show that 11–12% of cobalt, 7–8% of lithium, and 10–12% of nickel demand in 2030 and 15–18%, 9–11%, and 15–17%, respectively, in 2035, could be met by retired supply assuming closed-loop recycling. While domestic recycling can be profitable at scale and reduce environmental impacts, it is more expensive than exporting to China for recycling. Consequently, policy is likely needed to ensure critical materials are recycled domestically.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“While materials from battery recycling are expected to reduce environmental damage, raw material extraction will need to provide the lion’s share of battery materials in the foreseeable future41–47.”
From Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Hermansah, H., Sandi, N., & Naspendra, Z. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/issn.1755-1315 · Cited by 12,775
A ‘missing’ family of classical orthogonal polynomials
Vinet, L., & Zhedanov, A. S. (2011) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201 · Cited by 1,649
Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries
Ciez, R. E., & Whitacre, J. F. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0222-5 · Cited by 965
Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review
Yao, Y., Zhu, M., Zhao, Z., Tong, B., Fan, Y., & Hua, Z. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03545 · Cited by 898
Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries
Xu, C., Dai, Q., Gaines, L., Hu, M., Tukker, A., & Steubing, B. (2020) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-020-00095-x · Cited by 898
Neumann, J., Petranikova, M., Meeus, M., Gamarra, J. D., Younesi, R., Winter, M., & Nowak, S. (2022) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202102917 · Cited by 805
Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing
Xu, P., Dai, Q., Gao, H., Liu, H., Zhang, M., Li, M., Chen, Y., An, K., Meng, Y. S., Liu, P., et al. (2020) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.10.008 · Cited by 768
Life cycle assessment of a lithium-ion battery vehicle pack
Ellingsen, L. A., Majeau‐Bettez, G., Singh, B., Srivastava, A. K., Valøen, L. O., & Strømman, A. H. (2014) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12072 · Cited by 665
Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials
Baars, J., Domenech, T., Bleischwitz, R., Melin, H. E., & Heidrich, O. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00607-0 · Cited by 641
Mossali, E., Picone, N., Gentilini, L., Rodríguez, O., Pérez, J. M., & Colledani, M. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110500 · Cited by 580
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Aunan, 1994, Recycled content laws: how are they working?, Resour. Recycl., 20
- Korosec, 2022, Panasonic to use Redwood's recycled materials in battery cell production at Tesla gigafactory [WWW Document], Tech Crunch
- Richa, 2014, A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 83, 63, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.11.008 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gutsch, M., & Leker, J. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122132 · Cited by 247
Zhang, B., Xin, Q., Chen, S., Wang, B., Li, H., Wang, Z., & Bansal, P. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61481-y · Cited by 145
Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials
Peiseler, L., Schenker, V., Schatzmann, K., Pfister, S., Wood, V., & Schmidt, T. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54634-y · Cited by 131
3D Printing‐Enabled Design and Manufacturing Strategies for Batteries: A Review
Fonseca, N., Thummalapalli, S. V., Jambhulkar, S., Ravichandran, D., Zhu, Y., Patil, D., Thippanna, V., Ramanathan, A., Xu, W., Guo, S., et al. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202302718 · Cited by 94
Review of life cycle assessment on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling
Domingues, A. M., & de Souza, R. G. (2024) · Next Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.nxsust.2024.100032 · Cited by 96
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunn, J., Kendall, A., & Slattery, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kendall, Alissa
- Venue
- Resources, Conservation and Recycling
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-10
- Volume
- 185
- Pages
- 106488
- ISSN
- 0921-3449 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4284960973
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 10.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Resources Conservation and Recycling (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Transportation
- National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery recycling, electric vehicles, critical raw materials, cobalt, lithium, nickel, closed-loop recycling, recycling costs, end-of-life batteries, circular economy, recycling policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
