Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Neumann, Jonas; Petranikova, Martina; Meeus, Marcel; Gamarra, Jorge D.; Younesi, Reza; Winter, Martin; Nowak, Sascha

doi:10.1002/aenm.202102917

Cited by 805Extraction and Separation ProcessesAdvanced Battery Technologies ResearchRecycling and Waste Management Techniques

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

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Neumann, Jonas, Petranikova, Martina, Meeus, Marcel, Gamarra, Jorge D., Younesi, Reza, Winter, Martin, Nowak, Sascha·2022·Advanced Energy Materials

DOI 10.1002/aenm.202102917

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Abstract

Abstract Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.

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Used lithium-ion batteries contain between 5-20% cobalt, 5-10% nickel, 5-7% lithium, 5-10% other metals, 15% organic compounds, and 7% plastics by mass.
“Used lithium-ion batteries contain between 5-20% cobalt, 5-10% nickel, 5-7% lithium, 5-10% other metals (copper, aluminum, iron, and other), 15% organic compounds, and 7% plastics by mass.”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [55]

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Recovery and utilization of graphite and polymer materials from spent lithium-ion batteries for synthesizing polymer–graphite nanocomposite thin films
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Authors: Neumann, J., Petranikova, M., Meeus, M., Gamarra, J. D., Younesi, R., Winter, M., & Nowak, S.
Affiliations: University of Münster (DE)
Chalmers University of Technology Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Industrial Material Recycling Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
European Materials Industrial Research Initiative‐ EMIRI Rue de Ransbeek 310 Brussels B‐1120 Belgium
Uppsala University (SE)
Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
Corresponding author: Nowak, Sascha
ORCID: Gamarra, Jorge D.
Younesi, Reza
Winter, Martin
Nowak, Sascha
Venue: Advanced Energy Materials
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2022-01-10
Volume: 12
Issue: 17
ISSN: 1614-6832 (ISSN-L)
1614-6840
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202102917
OpenAlex: W4205771230
Cited by: 805
References: 270
Citations by year: 2026: 147 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 216 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 50
FWCI: 62.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Advanced Energy Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: European Commission (957213, HORIZON2020)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (957213, 03XP0246C, 03XP0253A)
Energimyndigheten
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
Keywords: lithium-ion battery recycling, circular economy, battery materials recovery, electric vehicle batteries, stationary energy storage

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Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

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