National systems of entrepreneurship: measurement issues and policy implications
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None of the existing rankings of cities or nations most favourable to startups in general evaluate the extent to which entrepreneurial ecosystems are favourable to sustainability startups.
“None of these rankings, however, evaluate the extent to which such EEs are favourable to 'sustainability' startups, those startups that can contribute innovative solutions to societal and environmental challenges such as those identified by the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).”
From Sustainability startups and where to find them: Investigating the share of sustainability startups across entrepreneurial ecosystems and the causal drivers of differences (2021) · cites this paper as Acs et al., 2014
Recent years have seen an increase in investigations that treat entrepreneurial ecosystems as important drivers of how entrepreneurship develops.
“While early studies of (sustainability) entrepreneurship frequently focused on different personal traits of startup founders (Davidsson and Wiklund, 2001;Harris et al., 2009;Zahra et al., 2009), recent years have seen an increase in investigations that treat entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) as important drivers of how entrepreneurship develops ( Acs et al., 2014;Alvedalen and Boschma, 2017;van Rij”
From Sustainability startups and where to find them: Investigating the share of sustainability startups across entrepreneurial ecosystems and the causal drivers of differences (2021) · cites this paper as Acs et al., 2014
Mature ecosystems have more efficient resource allocation due to knowledge spillovers.
“The studies emphasized a more efficient resource allocation of mature ecosystems due to knowledge spillovers (in line with the ecosystem conceptualisation of Acs et al., 2014 ; Autio & Levie, 2017).”
From Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as Acs et al., 2014
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587 · see citing works
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355302753399436 · Cited by 3,993 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Another limitation is that the data is restricted to a ‘standardized’ company that, among others, is registered, employs from 5 to 50 employees within the first month of operation, and has sales turnover of up to 10 times start-up capital (Djankov et al., 2002).”
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The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Spigel, B. (2017) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12167 · Cited by 2,257 · see citing works
Digital affordances, spatial affordances, and the genesis of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Autio, E., Nambisan, S., Thomas, L. D. W., & Wright, M. (2018) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1266 · Cited by 1,738 · see citing works
Self-citationGreco, S., Ishizaka, A., Tasiou, M., & Torrisi, G. (2019) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1832-9 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Toward a process theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Spigel, B., & Harrison, R. (2018) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1268 · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions
Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2017) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Looking inside the spiky bits: a critical review and conceptualisation of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Brown, R., & Mason, C. (2017) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-017-9865-7 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program
Wurth, B., Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258721998948 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
“Policy makers should always con - sider prioritizing the bottlenecks in their ecosystem (Acs et al., 2014 ; Autio & Levie, 2017 ) and, particularly at the national level, try to create favorable conditions in which regions with differ - ent strengths and weaknesses can flourish.”
Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: an ecosystem perspective
Acs, Z. J., Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Szerb, L. (2018) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Self-citationLüdeke‐Freund, F. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2396 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: an emerging field of research
Volkmann, C., Fichter, K., Klofsten, M., & Audretsch, D. B. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00253-7 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Neumeyer, X., & Santos, S. C. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.216 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Building sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: A holistic approach
Theodoraki, C., Dana, L.-P., & Caputo, A. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.005 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., Eichler, G. M., & Schwarz, E. (2024) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-023-00763-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Tiba, S., van Rijnsoever, F. J., & Hekkert, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127054 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Chaudhary, S., Kaur, P., Alofaysan, H., Halberstadt, J., & Dhir, A. (2023) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3466 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial ecosystems and social network centrality: the power of regional dealmakers
Pittz, T. G., White, R., & Zoller, T. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00228-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Varieties of entrepreneurial ecosystems: a comparative study of Tokyo and Bangalore
Kapturkiewicz, A. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104377 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ács, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Pecs (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Autio, Erkko
- Venue
- Research Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 476-494
- ISSN
- 0048-7333 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3125376737
- Cited by
- 1,301
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 84.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research Policy (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Enterprise Research Centre (ES/K006614/1)
- EPSRC Innovation Studies Centre
- OTKA Research foundation (K 81527)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Innovation Policy and R&D
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy
- Keywords
- entrepreneurship measurement, entrepreneurship index, institutional characteristics, startups, entrepreneurship policy, systems approach
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