Reply to: immortal time bias in an observational study on enteral nutrition
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In patients with refractory cardiac arrest undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, delayed enteral nutrition (>48 hours) may be associated with better neurological outcomes, but this may simply reflect an immortal time bias.
“In those cases, delayed EN (>48 hours) may be associated with better neurological outcomes,161 but this may simply reflect an immortal time bias.179”
From Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2026) · cites this paper as [179]
Cites
McClave, S. A., Taylor, B. E., Martindale, R. G., Warren, M. M., Johnson, D. R., Braunschweig, C., McCarthy, M. S., Davanos, E., Rice, T. W., Cresci, G. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607115621863 · Cited by 3,982 · see citing works
Yannopoulos, D., Bartos, J. A., Raveendran, G., Walser, E., Connett, J. E., Murray, T. A., Collins, G., Zhang, L., Kalra, R., Kosmopoulos, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32338-2 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Self-citationYannopoulos, D., Bartos, J. A., Martin, C. M., Raveendran, G., Missov, E. D., Conterato, M. R., Frascone, R., Trembley, A., Sipprell, K., John, R., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003732 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationBartos, J. A., Carlson, K., Carlson, C., Raveendran, G., John, R., Aufderheide, T. P., & Yannopoulos, D. (2018) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.08.030 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationBartos, J. A., Frascone, R., Conterato, M. R., Wesley, K., Lick, C. J., Sipprell, K., Vuljaj, N., Burnett, A., Peterson, B. K., Simpson, N., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100632 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationGutierrez, A., Carlson, C., Kalra, R., Elliott, A. M., Yannopoulos, D., & Bartos, J. A. (2021) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.04.029 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMartin, M., Reignier, J., Le Thuaut, A., Lacherade, J. C., Martin‐Lefèvre, L., Fiancette, M., Vinatier, I., Lebert, C., Bachoumas, K., Yehia, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.1596 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Joo, W. J., Ide, K., Kawasaki, Y., Takeda, C., Seki, T., Usui, T., & Kawakami, K. (2019) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.01.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Vest, A. R., DiDomenico, R. J., Lichtenstein, L., Slater, T., Ekpo, E., Damluji, A. A., Bohula, E., Alviar, C. L., on behalf of the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, & Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001405 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gutierrez, A., & Bartos, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bartos, Jason A.
- ORCID
- Bartos, Jason A.
- Venue
- Resuscitation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 166
- Pages
- 146-147
- ISSN
- 0300-9572 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3191010920
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Resuscitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- immortal time bias, enteral nutrition, timing of enteral feeding, refractory cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, targeted temperature management, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, critical care outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Enteral Nutrition, Humans, Time Factors, Bias, Observational Studies as Topic
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