Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations
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Women are unlikely to advance by just mirroring the men's behavior and hyping might contribute to gender bias in academia.
“This finding suggests that women are unlikely to advance by just mirroring the men’s behavior9 and that hyping might contribute to gender bias in academia.”
From Scientific publications that use promotional language in the abstract receive more citations and public attention (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Studies have shown that women who do engage in self-promotion tend to experience a backlash, as self-promotion is incongruent with the gender stereotype of modesty.
“Studies have shown that women who do engage in self-promotion tend to experience a backlash, as self-promotion is incongruent with the gender stereotype of modesty9,42,43.”
From Scientific publications that use promotional language in the abstract receive more citations and public attention (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Women who exhibit self-promoting behaviors tend to be perceived as less likeable, which obstructs their careers.
“For example, women who exhibit self-promoting behaviors tend to be perceived as less likeable, which obstructs their careers9,44.”
From Scientific publications that use promotional language in the abstract receive more citations and public attention (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475 · see citing works
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/bf02322211 · Cited by 3,878 · see citing works
Heilman, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234 · Cited by 2,482 · see citing works
Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations.
Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117 · Cited by 1,157 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Because awareness of a problem is the first step to eliminating it (Wilson & Brekke, 1994), educating people about their prescriptive and implicit gender stereotypes should be investigated as a means of reducing backlash.”
BackgroundWhy are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit
Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Ely, R. J. (1994) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393234 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Social perception and social reality: A reflection-construction model.
Jussim, L. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.1.54 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
What mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions?
Glick, P., Zion, C., & Nelson, C. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.178 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
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Why are some STEM fields more gender balanced than others?
Cheryan, S., Ziegler, S. A., Montoya, A. K., & Jiang, L. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000052 · Cited by 1,259 · see citing works
Livingston, R. W., Rosette, A. S., & Washington, E. F. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611428079 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
The effect of priming gender roles on women's implicit gender beliefs and career aspirations
Rudman, L. A., & Phelan, J. E. (2010) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000027 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in individual variation in academic grades fail to fit expected patterns for STEM
O’Dea, R. E., Lagisz, M., Jennions, M. D., & Nakagawa, S. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06292-0 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion
Exley, C. L., & Kessler, J. B. (2022) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjac003 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Condoning stereotyping? How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes.
Duguid, M. M., & Thomas-Hunt, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037908 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Babic, A., & Hansez, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618250 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Backlash for high self‐promotion at hiring depends on candidates' gender and age
Krings, F., Manoharan, S., & Mendes de Oliveira, A. (2023) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12410 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stavrova, O., Kleinberg, B., Evans, A. M., & Ivanović, M. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00293-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rudman, L. A., & Phelan, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rudman, Laurie A.
- ORCID
- Rudman, Laurie A.
- Venue
- Research in Organizational Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 28
- Pages
- 61-79
- ISSN
- 0191-3085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016395556
- Cited by
- 776
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 24.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Organizational Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- backlash, gender stereotypes, impression management, women in leadership, women in organizations, gender parity, turnover, women in management
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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