Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit

Heilman, Madeline E.; Okimoto, Tyler G.

doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81

Cited by 999Gender Diversity and InequalitySocial and Intergroup PsychologyGender and Feminist Studies

Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit

Heilman, Madeline E., Okimoto, Tyler G.·2007·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81

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Abstract

In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers--in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability--was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions.

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Female leaders often face a double bind: highly communal women are criticized for being deficient leaders, and highly agentic women experience backlash for not being female enough.
“Female leaders often find themselves in a double bind: highly communal women are criticized for being deficient leaders, and highly agentic women experience backlash for not being female enough (Eagly et al., 2014;Heilman, 2001;Heilman & Okimoto, 2007;Heilman, Wallen, Fuchs, & Tamkins, 2004;Rudman & Glick, 1999, 2001).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Heilman & Okimoto, 2007

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Authors: Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
Flinders University (AU)
ORCID: Heilman, Madeline E.
Okimoto, Tyler G.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 92
Issue: 1
Pages: 81-92
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81
OpenAlex: W1984444903
Cited by: 999
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 68.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Keywords: women in male-dominated fields, gender stereotypes, nurturing, social sensitivity, women in management, likeability, interpersonal hostility
MeSH terms: Achievement, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Prejudice, Stereotyping

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Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit

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