Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Energy demand is anticipated to increase by 56% by 2040.
“It is anticipated that energy demand will increase by 56% by 2040 (Rahman et al., 2022).”
From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Rahman et al., 2022
Hydroelectricity generates approximately 1150 gigawatts on a global scale and is the largest renewable energy source.
“Hydroelectricity generates approximately 1150 gigawatts on a global scale and is the largest renewable energy source (Rahman et al., 2022).”
From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Rahman et al., 2022
Hydroelectric power plants are the most damaging to the environment compared to other renewable energy sources.
“Hydroelectric power plants are the most damaging to the environment compared to other renewable energy sources.”
From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Rahman et al. (2022)
Wind turbines and biomass power plants have a negligible environmental impact.
“In comparison, wind turbines and biomass power plants have a negligible environmental impact.”
From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Rahman et al. (2022)
In aquatic environments, onshore plants have a lower environmental impact than other renewable energy sources.
“In aquatic environments, onshore plants are preferred due to their lower environmental impact.”
From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Rahman et al. (2022)
Cites
Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies
Tsoutsos, T. D., Frantzeskaki, N., & Gekas, V. (2003) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(03)00241-6 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy
Hernandez, R. R., Easter, S. B., Murphy-Mariscal, M. L., Maestre, F. T., Tavassoli, M., Allen, E. B., Barrows, C. W., Belnap, J., Ochoa-Hueso, R., Ravi, S., et al. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.041 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Hosenuzzaman, M., Rahim, N. A., Selvaraj, J. A.-L., et al. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.046 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Tawalbeh, M., Al–Othman, A., Kafiah, F. M., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143528 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Perovskite photovoltaics: life-cycle assessment of energy and environmental impacts
Gong, J., Darling, S. B., & You, F. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee00615e · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Seyboth, K., Matschoss, P., Kadner, S., Zwickel, T., Eickemeier, P., Hansen, G., Schlömer, S., et al. (2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-6309 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
A review of multi-criteria decision making applications for renewable energy site selection
Shao, M., Han, Z., Sun, J., Xiao, C., Zhang, S., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.137 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Trust and knowledge sharing in green supply chains
Cheng, J., Yeh, C., & Tu, C. (2008) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13598540810882170 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Schileo, G., & Grancini, G. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d0tc04552g · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Comparison of Three Different LCIA Methods: EDIP97, CML2001 and Eco-indicator 99
Dreyer, L. C., Niemann, A. L., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2003) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02978471 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Yip, N. Y., & Elimelech, M. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es300060m · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Huijbregts, M. A. J., Steinmann, Z. J. N., Elshout, P. M. F., Stam, G., Verones, F., Vieira, M. D. M., Hollander, A., Zijp, M. C., & Rosalie Van Zelm, F. (2016) · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Environmental and Ecological Effects of Ocean Renewable Energy Development – A Current Synthesis
Boehlert, G. W., & Gill, A. B. (2010) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.46 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
The systemic impact of a transition fuel: Does natural gas help or hinder the energy transition?
Gürsan, C., & de Gooyert, V. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110552 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Wake effect in wind farm performance: Steady-state and dynamic behavior
González-Longatt, F., Wall, P., & Terzija, V. V. (2011) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.053 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Osmotic power with Pressure Retarded Osmosis: Theory, performance and trends – A review
Helfer, F., Lemckert, C., & Anissimov, Y. G. (2013) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.053 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Ganiyu, S. O., Martínez-Huitle, C. A., & Rodrigo, M. A. (2020) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118857 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Environmental impact and pollution-related challenges of renewable wind energy paradigm – A review
Nazir, M. S., Mahdi, A. J., Bilal, M., Sohail, H. M., Ali, N., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.274 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Environmental impact assessments of the Three Gorges Project in China: Issues and interventions
Xu, X., Tan, Y. L., & Yang, G. (2013) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.007 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Hu, J., Liu, X., Shahidehpour, M., & Xia, S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2021.3064375 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Brazil's Balbina Dam: Environment versus the legacy of the Pharaohs in Amazonia
Fearnside, P. M. (1989) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/bf01867675 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Curtin, J., McInerney, C., Gallachóir, B. Ó., Hickey, C., Deane, P., & Deeney, P. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109402 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The environmental interactions of tidal and wave energy generation devices
Frid, C. L. J., Andonegi, E., Depestele, J., et al. (2011) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2011.06.002 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
A comparative life-cycle assessment of hydro-, nuclear and wind power: A China study
Wang, L., Wang, Y., Du, H., et al. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.099 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Potential environmental impacts of wind energy development: A global perspective
Nazir, M. S., Ali, N., Bilal, M., et al. (2020) · Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health · doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2020.01.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
MARINE SEISMIC SURVEYS— A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
McCauley, R. D., Fewtrell, J., Duncan, A. J., et al. (2000) · The APPEA Journal · doi:10.1071/aj99048 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Environmental Assessment of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Processes
Healy, M. L., Dahlben, L. J., & Isaacs, J. (2008) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Current tidal power technologies and their suitability for applications in coastal and marine areas
Roberts, A., Thomas, B., Sewell, P., Khan, Z. A., Balmain, S., & Gillman, J. (2016) · Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy · doi:10.1007/s40722-016-0044-8 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Far-field modelling of the hydro-environmental impact of tidal stream turbines
Ahmadian, R., Falconer, R. A., & Bockelmann-Evans, B. N. (2011) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.005 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Evaluating the environmental impacts of recycling wind turbines
Jensen, J. P. (2018) · Wind Energy · doi:10.1002/we.2287 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Laleman, R., Albrecht, J., & Dewulf, J. P. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.025 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities
May, R. F., Nygård, T., Falkdalen, U., et al. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6592 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Paletto, A., Bernardi, S., Pieratti, E., et al. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02070 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Farrok, O., Ahmed, K., Tahlil, A. D., et al. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062178 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental impact of electricity from selected geothermal power plants in Italy
Bravi, M., & Basosi, R. (2013) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.015 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
An international assessment of the environmental effects of marine energy development
Copping, A. E., Battey, H., Brown-Saracino, J., et al. (2014) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Assessment of the impacts of tidal stream energy through high-resolution numerical modeling
Ramos, V., Carballo, R., Álvarez, M., et al. (2013) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.051 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A natural experiment reveals the impact of hydroelectric dams on the estuaries of tropical rivers
Ezcurra, E., Barrios, E., Ezcurra, P., Ezcurra, A., Vanderplank, S. E., Vidal, O., Villanueva-Almanza, L., & Aburto‐Oropeza, O. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau9875 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The effect of intermittent solar radiation on the performance of PV systems
McCormick, P. G., & Suehrcke, H. (2018) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.043 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hooper, T. L., & Austen, M. C. (2013) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Balali, F., Nouri, N., Omrani, E., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.3755 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The future of coal-fired power generation in Southeast Asia
Clark, R., Zucker, N., & Urpelainen, J. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109650 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Environmental impact analysis of power generation from biomass and wind farms in different locations
Gao, C., Na, H., Song, K., et al. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.018 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Basosi, R., Bonciani, R., Frosali, D., Manfrida, G., Parisi, M. L., & Sansone, F. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12072786 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Identifying coal-fired power plants for early retirement
Maamoun, N., Kennedy, R., Jin, X., & Urpelainen, J. (2020) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109833 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Campana, P. E., & Yan, J. (2020) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109967 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Environmental impacts of tidal power schemes
Wolf, J., Walkington, I., Holt, J., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime Engineering · doi:10.1680/maen.2009.162.4.165 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Life Cycle Analysis: Comparison between Different Methods and Optimization Challenges
Stavropoulos, P. G., Giannoulis, C., Papacharalampopoulos, A., et al. (2016) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2015.12.048 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Performance and life cycle assessment of a small scale vertical axis wind turbine
Kouloumpis, V., Sobolewski, R. A., & Yan, X. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119520 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A matter of meters: state of the art in the life cycle assessment of enhanced geothermal systems
Menberg, K., Pfister, S., Blum, P., & Bayer, P. (2016) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c6ee01043a · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gasa, G., López-Román, A., Prieto, C., & Cabeza, L. F. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13073672 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mariita, N. O. (2002) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00063-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
An LCA of the Pelamis wave energy converter
Thomson, R. C., Chick, J., & Harrison, G. P. (2018) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-018-1504-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Progress in Piezoelectric Material Based Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion Technology
Kiran, M. R., Farrok, O., Abdullah-Al-Mamun, M., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3015821 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationLaing, D., Steinmann, W., Viebahn, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Solar Energy Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4001404 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Modeling and Optimization of Energy Hubs: A Comprehensive Review
Maroufmashat, A., Taqvi, S. A. A., Miragha, A., et al. (2019) · Inventions · doi:10.3390/inventions4030050 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rodrigues, E. M. D. S., Gomes, Á., Gaspar, A. R., & Antunes, C. H. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.060 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ocean thermal energy resources in Colombia
Morales, A. D., Montoya-Sánchez, R. A., Osorio, A. F., & Otero, L. (2014) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Alhaj, M., & Al‐Ghamdi, S. G. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab1d74 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Recent Progress in Electrical Generators for Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion
Rahman, A., Farrok, O., Islam, M. R., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012662 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationA time of use tariff scheme for demand side management of residential energy consumers in Bangladesh
Rahman, A., Aziz, T., Masood, N., et al. (2021) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.042 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationA framework to evaluate the environmental impact of OCEAN energy devices
Mendoza, E., Lithgow, D., Flores, P., et al. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.060 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Finkl, C. W., & Charlier, R. H. (2009) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.03.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Environmental Impacts from Photovoltaic Solar Cells Made with Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Celik, I., Mason, B. E., Phillips, A. B., et al. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b06272 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ma, S., Chen, G., Guo, M. F., et al. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.048 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Barnier, B., Domina, A., Gulev, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-020-0580-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Life Cycle Assessment in the Chemical Product Chain
D. Cespi, F. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34424-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Weldu, Y. W. (2017) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.02.046 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A strategic impact assessment of hydropower plants in alpine and non-alpine areas of Europe
Mahmud, M. A. P., Huda, N., Farjana, S. H., & Lang, C. I. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fraser, S., Williamson, B. J., Nikora, V., et al. (2018) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2018.01.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bevelhimer, M. S., Scherelis, C., Colby, J. A., et al. (2017) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1080/00028487.2017.1339637 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Assessing the effects of tidal stream marine renewable energy on seabirds: A conceptual framework
Isaksson, N., Masden, E. A., Williamson, B. J., et al. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111314 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Orhan, K., & Mayerle, R. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.199 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Analysing Renewable Energy Source Impacts on Power System National Network Code
Balaban, G., Lăzăroiu, G. C., Dumbravă, V., et al. (2017) · Inventions · doi:10.3390/inventions2030023 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rocha, M., Assis, R. L., Piedade, M. T. F., Feitosa, Y. O., Householder, J. E., Lobo, G., Demarchi, L. O., Albuquerque, B. W., Quaresma, A. C., Ramos, J. F., et al. (2019) · Ecohydrology · doi:10.1002/eco.2144 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
El-Geziry, T. M., Bryden, I. G., & Couch, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1080/20464177.2009.11020217 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Removal of arsenic from geothermal water by high gradient magnetic separation
Chiba, A., Okada, H., Tomohiro, T. A. D. A., et al. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2002.1018557 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tiwari, G. N., Tiwari, A., & Shyam, D. (2016) · Engergy systems in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0807-8_16 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kelly, K., McManus, M. C., & Hammond, G. P. (2012) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.023 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Review of Tidal Lagoon Technology and Opportunities for Integration within the UK Energy System
Todeschini, G. (2017) · Inventions · doi:10.3390/inventions2030014 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Three-dimensional modelling of suspended sediment transport in the far wake of tidal stream turbines
Li, X., Li, M., Amoudry, L. O., et al. (2019) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.096 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Palm distribution patterns in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon: Impact of a large hydroelectric dam
dos Santos, E. A., de Medeiros, M. B., Ferreira, E. J. L., Simon, M. F., Oliveira, W. L., & Costa, F. R. C. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118032 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Environmental implications of tidal power generation
Parker, D. (1993) · IEE Proceedings A Science Measurement and Technology · doi:10.1049/ip-a-3.1993.0012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Molla, S., Farrok, O., Rahman, A., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3028283 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Y., & Zhang, M. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101832 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review
Osman, A. I., Chen, L., Yang, M., Msigwa, G., Farghali, M., Fawzy, S., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P.-S. (2023) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
State-of-the-art hydrogen generation techniques and storage methods: A critical review
Tang, D., Tan, G.-L., Li, G.-W., Liang, J.-G., Ahmad, S. M., Bahadur, A., Humayun, M., Ullah, H., Khan, A., & Bououdina, M. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107196 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Mechanism and Electrocatalyst Design
Wu, H., Huang, Q., Shi, Y., Chang, J., & Lu, S. (2023) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-023-5502-8 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Biomass Energy and Biofuels: Perspective, Potentials, and Challenges in the Energy Transition
Mignogna, D., Szabó, M., Ceci, P., & Avino, P. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16167036 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Strielkowski, W., Vlasov, A., Selivanov, K., Muraviev, K., & Shakhnov, V. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16104025 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Nguyen, V. N., Tarełko, W., Sharma, P., El-Shafay, A. S., Chen, W.-H., Nguyen, P. Q. P., Nguyen, X. P., & Hoang, A. T. (2024) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04343 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis
Ock, I. W., Yin, J., Wang, S., Zhao, X., Baik, J. M., & Chen, J. (2025) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202400563 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rahman, A., Farrok, O., & Haque, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (BD)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Farrok, Omar
- Venue
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 161
- Pages
- 112279
- ISSN
- 1364-0321 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4220937241
- Cited by
- 1,105
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 341 · 2024: 345 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 58
- FWCI
- 43.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Renewable energy and sustainable power systems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Renewable Energy and Sustainability
- Keywords
- renewable energy, environmental impact, concentrated solar power, photovoltaics, wind energy, hydropower, biomass energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy, salinity gradient energy, greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution, eutrophication, deforestation, SWOT analysis, renewable energy selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
