Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects

Li-ion battery materials: present and future

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Hydrometallurgical recycling technologies for spent LiFePO4 batteries: Recent advances and challenges

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Toward Efficient Recycling of Vanadium Phosphate-Based Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

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Scalable Direct Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 with a Redox-Mediated Flow Cell

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Effect of organic carbon coating prepared by hydrothermal method on performance of lithium iron phosphate battery

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Powder electrolysis for direct selective lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 materials

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Separation of Metal and Cathode Materials from Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery by Electrostatic Process

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Thermodynamics of multi-sublattice battery active materials: from an extended regular solution theory to a phase-field model of LiMnyFe1-yPO4

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The Prilling and Cocoating Collaborative Strategy to Construct High Performance of Regeneration LiFePO4 Materials

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Efficient regeneration of waste LiFePO4 cathode material by short process low temperature plasma assisted nitrogen doped technology

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Cooperative recycling strategy for electric vehicle batteries considering blockchain technology

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Constructing a Homogeneous Medium Layer To Promote the Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate

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A closed-loop process for high-value regeneration of spent LiFePO 4 cathodes after selective aluminium precipitation

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Health diagnosis and recuperation of aged Li-ion batteries with data analytics and equivalent circuit modeling

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Concepts for the Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Processing of End-of-Life Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries

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A critical review on the direct regeneration technologies of cathode materials from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

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Efficient lithium recovery from industrial lithium iron phosphate (LFP) blackmass using formic acid-enabled hydrometallurgy

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A Method of Efficiently Regenerating Waste LiFePO4 Cathode Material after Air Firing Treatment

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High-efficiency recovery of FePO4 from lithium extraction slag via SO2 reductive leaching and selective precipitation

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Analysis and advancements of the state of charge estimation methods in smart battery management system supported by lithium-ion battery operated electric vehicles

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Parameter Study on the Recycling of LFP Cathode Material Using Hydrometallurgical Methods

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Regeneration of high-performance materials for electrochemical energy storage from assorted solid waste: A review

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A novel way to prepare battery-grade FePO4 2H2O from copper slag and Life cycle assessment

Xu, Y., Wang, L., Xie, W., Chen, Y., Zhang, K., & Du, Y. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126686 · Cited by 19

Industry 4.0 and circular economy model for a sustainable electric vehicle battery with controllable wastewater and carbon emission

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Sustainable Hydrometallurgical LFP Battery Recycling: Electrochemical Approaches

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Efficient synergetic recycling of spent Lithium-ion batteries and waste biomass based on segregated reduction roasting strategy

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Upcycling FePO4 residues from spent lithium-ion batteries toward high-rate LiFePO4 cathode by constructing hierarchical conductive frameworks

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Thermal runaway dynamics of LFP batteries in confined pressurized atmospheres: From triggering to gas evolution

Yu, L., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, K., Zhang, J., & Qian, X. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.168564 · Cited by 18

In-situ repair of failed LiFePO4 cathode using residual Li- and C-containing impurities from active material separation process

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Advanced characterization techniques for phosphate cathodes in aqueous rechargeable zinc‐based batteries

Zhou, L., Li, J., Peng, J., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Fan, Y., Wang, J., & Du, T. (2024) · Carbon Energy · doi:10.1002/cey2.611 · Cited by 17

Residue carbon removal for the high-quality and sustainable direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 materials

Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., & Wang, C. (2025) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.162512 · Cited by 17

Oxidation pressure leaching of lithium iron phosphate: Kinetic aspects, leaching mechanism, and the behavior of lithium and iron

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A guide to ion separations for the global energy transition

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Incremental Capacity Curve Health-Indicator Extraction Based on Gaussian Filter and Improved Relevance Vector Machine for Lithium–Ion Battery Remaining Useful Life Estimation

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Environment-friendly, efficient process for mechanical recovery of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries

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Environmental impact analysis of lithium iron phosphate batteries for energy storage in China

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Selective leaching and magnetic separation for efficient recovery of lithium and iron phosphate from Aluminum-Contaminated cathode materials of spent LiFePO4 batteries

Niu, S., Liang, P., Zhang, Z., Tang, J., Su, M., Bao, H., & Xu, J. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133350 · Cited by 16

Recent advances in the extraction of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: Challenges and solutions- a review

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Regeneration of Spent LIB Electrode Materials: An Outlook from Lab-Scale Feasibility to Industrial Integration

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Recovery and preparation of battery-grade iron phosphate from leaching slag of spent lithium iron phosphate battery cathode materials

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Challenges in the direct lithiation of spent LFP cathodes: the crucial role of reducing agents

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Electrochemical Lithium Compensation Enables Sustainable Regeneration of Spent LiFePO 4 Cathodes

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Pulse ultrasonication leaching approach for selective Li leaching from spent LFP cathode material

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Construction of a Preoxidation and Cation Doping Regeneration Strategy to Improve Rate Performance Recycling Spent LiFePO4 Materials

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Life cycle assessment of electrochemical and mechanical energy storage systems

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In-situ magnetization of porous carbon beads for lithium-ion adsorption from strongly acidic solution

Liu, J., An, X., Huang, L., Zhou, H., Liang, D., Xie, Q., & Fan, M. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140625 · Cited by 15

Endogenous advanced oxidation process with peracetic acid for recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries

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Selective Leaching for the Recycling of Lithium, Iron, and Phosphorous from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes’ Production Scraps

Bruno, M., Francia, C., & Fiore, S. (2024) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries10120415 · Cited by 15

Lithium Superionic Conductor-Assisted Regeneration of Spent LiFePO 4 Cathodes for Enhanced Kinetic Performance

Zhao, Q., Dai, Y., Gong, S., Wang, S., Qiao, S., Zhang, P., Fan, R., Wu, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, R., et al. (2025) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02769 · Cited by 14

Comparative life cycle assessment of lithium iron phosphate and nickel manganese cobalt batteries for electric vehicles: An Indian perspective

Abhiraman, V. J., Khandelwal, N., Krishnaiah, R., Behera, S. K., & Kumar, A. (2025) · Energy Sustainable Development/Energy for sustainable development · doi:10.1016/j.esd.2025.101837 · Cited by 14

A novel integrating approach to assess the role of LiFePO4 battery recycling in the automotive industries in the Greater Bay Area of China

Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Wu, J., Feng, Q., Wei, L., Lin, X., Su, M., Tang, X., Shih, K., & Xu, J. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141678 · Cited by 14

Synergetic recovery of rutile and preparation of iron phosphate from titanium-extraction tailings by a co-leaching process

Xu, X., Guo, Z., Tian, X., Zhu, D., Pan, J., Yang, C., & Li, S. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127234 · Cited by 14

Recovery of Li/Co from spent lithium-ion battery through iron-air batteries

Tang, C., Shan, W., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Liao, B., Chen, H., & Hou, X. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.157578 · Cited by 15

Improving acid-free and selective leaching of lithium from end-of-life LiFePO4 batteries using sodium persulfate: Impact of removing organic matter by thermal treatment in an inert atmosphere

Choi, J.-W., Bae, M., Lee, H., Kim, H., Shim, H., Je, J., Han, G., Choi, J., Lee, H., & Kim, S. (2025) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106498 · Cited by 14

A closed process for recycling and re-synthesis of spent LiFePO4 cathode material

Bui, Q.-T., Haufe, L. A., Zhang, J., Wenzel, M., Kremer, T., Gómez‐Urbano, J. L., Balducci, A., Du, H., & Weigand, J. J. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108519 · Cited by 13

Alkali-resistant nanofiltration membranes: materials, mechanisms, applications, and perspectives

Nan, Z.-X., Xing, J.-S., Cao, X., Sun, S., & Xing, W. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101589 · Cited by 13

Synergistic effect of a mixture of ethoxyphosphoric esters and sodium oleate in aqueous solutions

Cheremisina, O. V., Gorbacheva, A. A., Balandinsky, D., Luo, Y., & Ponomareva, M. (2024) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.133314 · Cited by 13

Sustainability of new energy vehicles from a battery recycling perspective: A bibliometric analysis

Ma, X., Lu, C., Gao, J., Cao, J., Wan, Y., & Fang, H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33800 · Cited by 13

Green and sustainable recycling of spent lithium batteries: synergistic leaching of SLFP and SLMO for valuable metal extraction and environmental benefits

Zhang, Z., Lu, R., Li, T., Liu, Z., Nie, H., Wang, R., Xu, Z., & Yan, K. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5gc00385g · Cited by 13

Recycling Spent LFP Batteries: From Resource Recovery to High-Value Functional Materials

Wang, C. R., Wang, L., Fu, Z., Yin, F., Zheng, F., Wang, J., Fang, F., Liu, Q., & Kong, X. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30173557 · Cited by 12

Fluoride ion-mediated differential coordination separation of Al (III) and Fe (III) for regeneration of low-aluminum, high-purity battery-grade iron phosphate

Han, F., Xie, Y., Qu, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Yang, G., Hu, H., Huang, M., Yu, H., Yang, L., et al. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108404 · Cited by 11

Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO 4 cathode materials: challenges, strategies, modifications, and economic benefits

Bao, X., Zhang, Y., Pan, J., Li, J., Lv, L., Wang, H.-B., Bie, C., Xu, Y., Chun-Lei, L., & Wan, H. (2025) · Rare Metals · doi:10.1007/s12598-025-03646-8 · Cited by 11

Correlation Between Li‐Fe Anti‐Site and Memory Effect of LiFePO 4 in Li‐Ion Batteries

Lu, X., Ren, Y., Chen, D., Guo, X., Li, D., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.202400181 · Cited by 11

Evaluation of the Removal of PVDF Using ToF-SIMS: Comparing Dihydrolevoglucosenone and Pyrolysis as Pretreatments for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Henderson, M. S., Salces, A. M., Rickard, W. D. A., Fougerouse, D., Medina, Á. J. R., Oraby, E. A., Beh, C. C., Rudolph, M., Vanderbruggen, A., & Eksteen, J. J. (2025) · Recycling · doi:10.3390/recycling10020056 · Cited by 13

Next-generation energy solutions: A review of Lithium-free cathode materials for sustainable Lithium-ion batteries

Priyadharshini, V. J., & Geetha, D. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.116802 · Cited by 11

Toward the efficient direct regeneration of spent cathode materials through the effect of residual sodium ions analysis

Jiang, G., Liu, L., Zhu, B., Zhang, Y., Meng, Q., Zhang, Y., Dong, P., Ouyang, Q., & Zhu, Z. H. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116661 · Cited by 11

Constructing a Three-Phase Reaction System for Efficiently Recycling Spent LiFePO4

Fu, X., Xiao, M., Chen, M., Zhang, Z., Zheng, L., Wan, F., & Guo, X. (2025) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.5c00475 · Cited by 10

Mechanical activation-assisted technology for recovering valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review

Shi, H., Teng, L., Liu, W., Rohani, S., He, M., Yu, W., Liu, Q., & Lv, X. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127285 · Cited by 10

The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: A review on current progresses and technologies from an industrial utilization perspective

Du, J., Zhang, G., Qing, J., Fang, K., Cao, Z., Li, Q., Wang, M., Guan, W., Wu, X., & Wu, S. (2026) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147582 · Cited by 13

Unexpected self-driven enhanced leaching mechanism of cathodes and anodes from end-of-life lithium-ion battery

He, T., Wang, P., Zhou, S., Kong, J., Gu, S., & Yu, J. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128363 · Cited by 10

Experimental and modeling approaches for electric vehicle battery safety: a technical review

Long, T., Wang, L., & Kan, C.-D. (2024) · Engineering Research Express · doi:10.1088/2631-8695/ad734d · Cited by 11

Recovery of LiFePO4 cathodes: Criticalities and prospect towards a long-term eco-friendly solution

Visone, B., Senneca, O., Prosini, P. P., & Apicella, B. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources Advances · doi:10.1016/j.powera.2025.100168 · Cited by 10

Revitamize LFP! Ascorbic Acid‐Assisted Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO 4 for Li‐Ion Batteries

Ouaneche, T., Stievano, L., Rabuel, F., Jamali, A., Guéry, C., Monconduit, L., Sougrati, M. T., & Recham, N. (2025) · Batteries & Supercaps · doi:10.1002/batt.202400765 · Cited by 10

Synergistic thermal treatment of mixed lithium iron phosphate and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide black mass for improved recycling operations

Müller, M., Nobis, C., Irmer, M., Fischlschweiger, M., & Yagmurlu, B. (2025) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115042 · Cited by 10

Separation of cathode and anode impedances for analyzing polysulfide conversion in Li-S batteries with a hierarchical porous carbon host

Lo, P.-E., & Li, C. (2025) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2025.145921 · Cited by 9

Competing ion effects and electrolyte optimization for electrochemical lithium extraction from spent lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes

Arnold, S., & Presser, V. (2025) · Energy Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ya00172b · Cited by 9

Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO 4 cathode materials through Li + supplementation and Sm doping

Li, Y., Li, C., Hu, F., Yu, W., Dong, H., Qi, M., Zhu, Z., & Dong, P. (2025) · Nano Research Energy · doi:10.26599/nre.2025.9120190 · Cited by 9

Efficient regeneration of LiFePO4 through low-temperature roasting with ammonium bisulfate for spent LiFePO4 cathode scraps

Zhang, M., Hu, W., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Ma, Z., & Liu, J. (2025) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131610 · Cited by 11

Oxidation-CO 2 leaching of spent LiFePO 4 for lithium extraction and impurity control

Yan, Z., Wu, Y., Lv, Z., Qin, S., Yang, M., Sattar, A., & Li, Z. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5gc03328d · Cited by 9

Construction and ultrasonic inspection of the high-capacity Li-ion battery based on the MnO2 decorated by Au nanoparticles anode

An, C., Wang, S., Lin, L., Ding, X., Deng, Q., & Hu, N. (2024) · Microstructures · doi:10.20517/microstructures.2023.64 · Cited by 9

Raw Materials and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Davies, S. H., Christensen, P. A., Holberg, T., Avelar, J., & Heidrich, O. (2024) · The Materials Research Society series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2_9 · Cited by 10

Recovery of lithium iron phosphate cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries using gradient pyrolysis

Yang, Y., Li, Y., Guan, T., Peng, S., Liu, N., Cui, B., lu, J., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134406 · Cited by 9

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries through ozone-chemistry

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