Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects

Li-ion battery materials: present and future

Nitta, N., Wu, F., Lee, J. T., & Yushin, G. N. (2014) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040 · Cited by 7,659

30 Years of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Li, M., Lu, J. B., Chen, Z., & Amine, K. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201800561 · Cited by 6,141

Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Harper, G., Sommerville, R., Kendrick, E., Driscoll, L., Slater, P., Stolkin, R., Walton, A., Christensen, P., Heidrich, O., Lambert, S., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5 · Cited by 3,890

Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C

Rogelj, J., den Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Fransen, T., Fekete, H., Winkler, H., Schaeffer, R., Sha, F., Riahi, K., & Meinshausen, M. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18307 · Cited by 3,637

Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries

Schmuch, R., Wagner, R., Hörpel, G., Placke, T., & Winter, M. (2018) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2 · Cited by 3,322

Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis

James, S. L., Adams, C. J., Bolm, C., Braga, D., Collier, P. J., Friščić, T., Grepioni, F., Harris, K. D. M., Hyett, G., Jones, W., et al. (2011) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c1cs15171a · Cited by 3,146

Before Li Ion Batteries

Winter, M., Barnett, B., & Xu, K. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00422 · Cited by 2,224

Application and modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes – A review

Kang, G., & Cao, Y. (2014) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.055 · Cited by 1,685

Recent developments in cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Fergus, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.089 · Cited by 1,602

Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Ding, Y., Cano, Z. P., Yu, A., Lu, J. B., & Chen, Z. (2018) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-018-0022-z · Cited by 1,419

A forecast on future raw material demand and recycling potential of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles

Maisel, F., Neef, C., Marscheider-Weidemann, F., & Nissen, N. F. (2023) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106920 · Cited by 405

The Role of Lithium-Ion Batteries in the Growing Trend of Electric Vehicles

Ralls, A. M., Leong, K., Clayton, J., Fuelling, P., Mercer, C., Navarro, V., & Menezes, P. L. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16176063 · Cited by 194

Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

Yan, J., Qian, J., Li, Y., Li, L., Wu, F., & Chen, R. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202405055 · Cited by 189

A Comprehensive Review on Lithium-Ion Battery Lifetime Prediction and Aging Mechanism Analysis

Madani, S. S., Shabeer, Y., Allard, F., Fowler, M. W., Ziebert, C., Wang, Z., Panchal, S., Chaoui, H., Mekhilef, S., Dou, S. X., et al. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11040127 · Cited by 208

A Multifunctional Amino Acid Enables Direct Recycling of Spent LiFePO 4 Cathode Material

Tang, D., Ji, G., Wang, J., Liang, Z., Chen, W., Ji, H., Ma, J., Liu, S., Zhuang, Z., & Zhou, G. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202309722 · Cited by 160

An overview on the life cycle of lithium iron phosphate: synthesis, modification, application, and recycling

Zhao, T., Mahandra, H., Marthi, R., Ji, X., Zhao, W., Chae, S., Traversy, M., Li, W., Fan, Y., Li, L., et al. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.149923 · Cited by 172

A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Zhao, T., Li, W., Traversy, M., Choi, Y., Ghahreman, A., Zhao, Z., Zhang, C., Zhao, W., & Song, Y. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119670 · Cited by 157

Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wang, M., Liu, K., Xu, Z., Dutta, S., Valix, M., Alessi, D. S., Huang, L., Zimmerman, J. B., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c07689 · Cited by 148

Challenges in Recycling Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Spotlight on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Removal

Wang, M., Liu, K., Yu, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Valix, M., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2023) · Global Challenges · doi:10.1002/gch2.202200237 · Cited by 152

A review of contemporary and emerging recycling methods for lithium-ion batteries with a focus on NMC cathodes

Azimi, G., & Chan, K. H. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107825 · Cited by 120

Electrolyte Design Enables Rechargeable LiFePO 4 /Graphite Batteries from −80 °C to 80 °C

Li, Z., Yao, Y., Zheng, M., Sun, S., Yang, Y., Xiao, Y., Xu, L., Jin, C., Yue, X., Song, T., et al. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202409409 · Cited by 114

Assessment of the lifecycle carbon emission and energy consumption of lithium-ion power batteries recycling: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Li, J., Li, L., Yang, R., & Jiao, J. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107306 · Cited by 108

A perspective on the recovery mechanisms of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials in different oxidation environments

Liu, K., Wang, M., Zhang, Q., Xu, Z., Labianca, C., Komárek, M., Gao, B., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130502 · Cited by 98

Navigating battery choices: A comparative study of lithium iron phosphate and nickel manganese cobalt battery technologies

Evro, S., Ajumobi, A., Mayon, D., & Tomomewo, O. S. (2024) · Future Batteries · doi:10.1016/j.fub.2024.100007 · Cited by 88

Room temperature efficient regeneration of spent LiFePO4 by direct chemical lithiation

Ouaneche, T., Courty, M., Stievano, L., Monconduit, L., Guéry, C., Sougrati, M. T., & Recham, N. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233248 · Cited by 84

Circular Recycling Strategies for LFP Batteries: A Review Focusing on Hydrometallurgy Sustainable Processing

Vasconcelos, D. D. S., Tenório, J. A. S., Botelho, A. B., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2023) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met13030543 · Cited by 87

Battery Electric Storage Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Market Trends

Saldarini, A., Longo, M., Brenna, M., & Zaninelli, D. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16227566 · Cited by 88

Critical materials for electrical energy storage: Li-ion batteries

Lebrouhi, B. E., Baghi, S., Lamrani, B., Schall, É., & Kousksou, T. (2022) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105471 · Cited by 83

Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: From Theoretical Study to Production Practice

Huang, M., Wang, M., Yang, L., Wang, Z., Yu, H., Chen, K., Han, F., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, L., et al. (2024) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01434-0 · Cited by 88

Advances in degradation mechanism and sustainable recycling of LiFePO4-type lithium-ion batteries

Qi, C., Yao, T., Zhai, W., Zhang, M., Song, L., & He, J. (2024) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103623 · Cited by 77

Non–closed–loop recycling strategies for spent lithium–ion batteries: Current status and future prospects

Yu, H., Yang, H., Chen, K., Yang, L., Huang, M., Wang, Z., Lv, H., Xu, C., Chen, L., & Luo, X. (2024) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103288 · Cited by 72

Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: Research progress based on environmental protection and sustainable development technology

Cui, K., Zhao, M., Li, Y., Atrens, A., & Zhang, F. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128982 · Cited by 73

Direct Regeneration of Industrial LiFePO 4 Black Mass Through A Glycerol‐Enabled Granule Reconstruction Strategy

Feng, C., Cao, Y., Song, L., Zhao, B., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wei, X., Zhou, G., & Song, Y. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202418198 · Cited by 72

Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art

Barman, P., Dutta, L., & Azzopardi, B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16083369 · Cited by 70

Environmental impact and economic assessment of recycling lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes: Comparison of major processes in China

Tian, X., Ma, Q., Xie, J., Xia, Z., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107449 · Cited by 69

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries using a mechanochemical approach

Wang, M., Liu, K., Yu, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., & Tan, Q. (2022) · Circular Economy · doi:10.1016/j.cec.2022.100012 · Cited by 66

Manufacturing processes and recycling technology of automotive lithium-ion battery: A review

Qi, L., Wang, Y., Kong, L., Yi, M., Song, J., Hao, D., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., & Yan, J. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107533 · Cited by 63

A Critical Review on the Recycling Strategy of Lithium Iron Phosphate from Electric Vehicles

Zhang, M., Wang, L., Wang, S., Ma, T., Jia, F., & Zhan, C. (2023) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202300125 · Cited by 69

An environmentally friendly process for selective recovery of lithium and simultaneous synthesis of LiFe5O8 from spent LiFePO4 battery by mechanochemical

Wu, L., Zhang, F.-S., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, C.-C. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136504 · Cited by 63

High Electrochemical Performance Recycling Spent LiFePO4 Materials through the Preoxidation Regeneration Strategy

Li, X., Zhou, Q., Zhang, X., Ge, M., Zhang, H., Yin, Y., & Yang, S. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03232 · Cited by 64

Selective recovery of lithium from lithium iron phosphate

Li, Y., Dong, L., Shi, P., Ren, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234158 · Cited by 62

Design and Optimization of an Economically Viable and Highly Efficient Strategy for Li Recycling from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Zhang, Z., Tang, J., Su, M., Xu, J., & Shih, K. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03797 · Cited by 59

Fe3+ and Al3+ removal by phosphate and hydroxide precipitation from synthetic NMC Li-ion battery leach solution

Chernyaev, A., Zhang, J., Seisko, S., Louhi‐Kultanen, M., & Lundström, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48247-6 · Cited by 69

A mild closed-loop process for lithium–iron separation and cathode materials regeneration from spent LiFePO4 batteries

Zhou, H., Luo, Z., Wang, S., Ma, X., & Cao, Z. (2023) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123742 · Cited by 58

Advances in sulfide solid–state electrolytes for lithium batteries

Yao, M., Shi, J., 罗案宏, Zhang, Z., Zhu, G., Xu, H., Xu, J., Li, J., & Jiang, K. (2025) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104018 · Cited by 60

A clean and sustainable method for recycling of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate battery powder by using formic acid and oxygen

Zhao, T., Mahandra, H., Choi, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Z., & Chen, A. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170930 · Cited by 57

Direct and Low‐Temperature Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO₄ Cathodes at Ambient Conditions Using Green and Sustainable Deep Eutectic Solvent

Lin, Y., Wang, T., Gao, C., Zhang, X., Yu, W. B., Wang, M., Yang, C., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202504683 · Cited by 57

Large-scale direct regeneration of LiFePO 4 @C based on spray drying

Zou, Y., Cao, J., Li, H., Wu, W., Liang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Industrial Chemistry and Materials · doi:10.1039/d2im00007e · Cited by 56

Microstructural tailoring of porous few-layer graphene-like biochar from kitchen waste hydrolysis residue in molten carbonate medium: Structural evolution and conductive additive-free supercapacitor application

Du, X., Lin, Z., Zhang, Y., & Li, P. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162045 · Cited by 55

Recent development of low temperature plasma technology for lithium-ion battery materials

Hou, D., Bai, F., Dong, P., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Meng, F., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., & Hu, J. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233599 · Cited by 54

Evaluation of the central and local power batteries recycling policies in China: A PMC-Index model approach

Liu, F., Tang, J., Rustam, A., & Liu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139073 · Cited by 55

A review on direct regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate: From waste to wealth

Zhao, T., Choi, Y., Wu, C., Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Liu, D., Xu, W., Huang, H., Huo, X., Zhao, W., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177748 · Cited by 54

Recycling valuable materials from the cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Yaşa, S., Aydin, O., Al-Bujasim, M., Birol, B., & Gençten, M. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109073 · Cited by 52

Research on green recycling of lithium-ion batteries cathode waste powder

Ding, G., Liu, F., Fan, X., Gao, X., Cao, G., Ban, J., Li, Z., & Hu, J. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.152837 · Cited by 50

A review of composite polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries: Synthesis methods, optimal design, and critical challenges

Li, S., Li, L., Yang, H., Shan, Y., & Shan, Y. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.149433 · Cited by 50

Are electric vehicles really the optimal option for the transportation sector in China to approach pollution reduction and carbon neutrality goals?

Deng, C., Qian, Y., Song, X., Xie, M., Duan, H., Shen, P., & Qiao, Q. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120648 · Cited by 53

Surface Engineering of Cathode Materials: Enhancing the High Performance of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Qi, M., Wang, L., Huang, X., Ma, M., & He, X. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202402443 · Cited by 50

Hydrogen storage performance of a new two-dimensional B4N4 monolayer decorated with Li atoms: A density functional theory study

Ma, T., Wang, H., Du, J., Pu, M., Tang, Y., Yang, Z., & Lei, M. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.191 · Cited by 49

Deep eutectic solvent‐assisted selective extraction of valuable metals from waste lithium‐ion batteries

Chen, B., Guo, Y. Y., Zhang, X., & Yu, G. (2024) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.18394 · Cited by 49

A simple green method for in-situ selective extraction of Li from spent LiFePO4 batteries by synergistic effect of deep-eutectic solvent and ozone

Tang, S., Yang, Z., Zhang, M., & Guo, M. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117393 · Cited by 48

Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition

Passerini, S., Barelli, L., Baumann, M., Peters, J. F., & Weil, M. (2024) · The Materials Research Society series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2 · Cited by 58

Recycling of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes: Challenges and Progress

Yao, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, G., Fu, L., Li, Y., Zhou, L., Geng, S., Xiang, Y., & Seh, Z. W. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c09359 · Cited by 48

Life cycle assessment of hydrometallurgical recycling for cathode active materials

Liu, Z., Sederholm, J. G., Lan, K., Cho, E. J., Dipto, M. J., Gurumukhi, Y., Rabbi, K. F., Hatzell, M. C., Perry, N. H., Miljkovic, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233345 · Cited by 50

Cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries and prospect of self-supporting electrodes: A review

Zhao, B., Jia, P., Yu, L., Song, Y., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Feng, R., Li, H., Cui, X., Cui, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109174 · Cited by 44

Impact of electric vehicle battery recycling on reducing raw material demand and battery life-cycle carbon emissions in China

Jiang, R., Chengke, W., Feng, W., You, K., Liu, J., Zhou, G., Liu, L., & Cheng, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86250-1 · Cited by 44

An economical and closed-loop hydrometallurgical method to prepare battery-grade iron phosphate from delithiated LiFePO4 cathode scrap

Yang, L., Wang, D., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., & Wang, C. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141194 · Cited by 43

Electrolyte Design Enables Rechargeable LiFePO 4 /Graphite Batteries from −80 °C to 80 °C

Li, Z., Yao, Y., Zheng, M., Sun, S., Yang, Y., Xiao, Y., Xu, L., Jin, C., Yue, X., Song, T., et al. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202409409 · Cited by 43

Advances and industrialization of LiFePO 4 cathodes in electric vehicles: challenges, innovations, and future directions

Guo, Y., Zhang, Q., Wei, J., Hu, Y., Li, X., Huang, S., & Pang, C. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d5ta00166h · Cited by 43

Recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries by oxidizing roasting: Kinetic analysis and thermal conversion mechanism

Lai, Y., Zhu, X., Xu, M. L., Li, J., Wang, R., Zhou, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhu, X., & Liao, Q. (2023) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.110799 · Cited by 42

Hollow spherical Na3.95Fe2.95V0.05(PO4)2P2O7 suppressing inactive Maricite-NaFePO4 with ultrahigh dynamics performance

Xu, S., Yuan, J., Ma, D., Dai, L., Gan, T., Zhang, X., Peng, X., Zuo, X., Gao, J., & Xia, Y. (2024) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110404 · Cited by 42

A comprehensive review on the separation and purification of valuable metals from the leachate of spent lithium-ion batteries

Shi, H., Zhang, J., & Ou, L. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130847 · Cited by 45

Low-carbon recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries via a hydro-oxygen repair route

Liu, K., Wang, J., Wang, M., Zhang, Q., Cao, Y., Huang, L., Valix, M., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2023) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3gc00472d · Cited by 40

A critical review of future aspects of digitalization next generation Li-ion batteries manufacturing process

Dammala, P. K., Dermenci, K. B., Anish Raj, K., Yadav, P., Mierlo, J. V., & Berecibar, M. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109209 · Cited by 42

Selective leaching of lithium from mixed spent lithium iron phosphate powder

Dai, X., Qi, T., Li, X., Peng, Z., Liu, G., Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., & Shen, L. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.114091 · Cited by 39

Study on green closed-loop regeneration of waste lithium iron phosphate based on oxalic acid system

Chai, X., Yu, X., Shen, Q., Li, X., Lin, Y., Cai, W., & Yuan, Y. (2024) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.037 · Cited by 38

The use of organophosphorus extractants as a component of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the processing of spent lithium‑iron phosphate batteries

Kozhevnikova, A. V., Lobovich, D. V., Milevskii, N. A., Zinov’eva, I. V., Zakhodyaeva, Y. A., & Voshkin, A. A. (2024) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106369 · Cited by 38

The recovery of high purity iron phosphate from the spent lithium extraction slag by a simple phosphoric acid pickling

Han, F., Fang, D., Feng, Y., Fan, Y., Wei, Y., Liu, Y., Qu, L., Zhao, D., Yang, L., Shao, P., et al. (2023) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124358 · Cited by 37

Design a reverse logistics network for end-of-life power batteries: A case study of Chengdu in China

Lin, J., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Chen, W., & Wang, M. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104807 · Cited by 40

Effective regeneration of waste LiFePO4 cathode material by Cu doping modification

Yao, T., Zhang, H., Qi, C., Ma, J., Zhou, Z., Sun, Q., Song, L., Jin, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.159920 · Cited by 37

Towards a sustainable approach using mineral or carboxylic acid to recover lithium from lithium iron phosphate batteries

Gerold, E., Lerchbammer, R., Strnad, C., & Antrekowitsch, H. (2023) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106187 · Cited by 34

Recovery of lithium iron phosphate batteries through electrochemical oxidation in Na2CO3 solutions

Zhao, J., Zhou, F., Wang, H., Gao, S., Wang, D., & Yin, H. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233562 · Cited by 33

Leaching of NMC industrial black mass in the presence of LFP

Zou, Y., Chernyaev, A., Ossama, M., Seisko, S., & Lundström, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61569-3 · Cited by 44

Direct Recycling of Degraded LiFePO 4 Cathode Material via Natural Electron Donors Healing and Targeted Surface Reconstruction

Liu, Y., Bai, J., Shi, R., Wang, P., Xiao, K., Wang, S., Qiu, S., Wang, X., Zhu, X., Yang, K., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202511246 · Cited by 33

Agent-based modeling for an end-of-life power battery cross-regional recycling system and subregional policy analysis: A case study in China

Tian, X., Peng, F., Xie, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141054 · Cited by 32

Separation and Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries for Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review

Liu, S., Li, Q., Lu, C., Tan, L., Xia, D., Dong, L., & Zhou, C. (2024) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c01742 · Cited by 32

N‐Doped Carbon Layer Construction and Targeted Defect Repair Enables Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO 4 Cathodes

Wang, T., Gao, C., Zheng, Z., Yu, W. B., Wang, M., Yang, C., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202502930 · Cited by 37

Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries–a review of processes, economics, and carbon footprint

Azimi, G., & Mohammadzadeh, A. (2025) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115203 · Cited by 32

Literature Review on Power Battery Echelon Reuse and Recycling from a Circular Economy Perspective

Nie, Y., Wang, Y., Li, L., & Liao, H. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054346 · Cited by 31

Integrating recycled valuable elements from spent LiFePO4 batteries based on a dimethyl oxalate leaching system

Liu, C., Xu, J., Yu, J., Hu, J. X., Liu, P., Wang, Z., Deng, C., Luo, F. C., He, J., Zeng, G., et al. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107301 · Cited by 31

Exploring a sustainable and eco-friendly high-power ultrasonic method for direct regeneration of lithium iron phosphate

Song, X., Xu, Y., Cheng, L., Ren, T., Cai, B., Yang, D., Chen, J., Tong, L., Huang, R., Ang, E. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.110578 · Cited by 31

Ferrioxalate photolysis-assisted green recovery of valuable resources from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Hua, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.010 · Cited by 31

An in situ gel electrolyte for the facile preparation of high‐safety Li‐S battery

Shao, W., Gao, T., Hu, M., Ni, Y., Fei, X., Liu, M., Wang, Z., Zhou, L., & Jing, M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.56147 · Cited by 31

Spent Lithium Battery Recycling: Traditional and Innovative Approaches

Sardo, C. L., Cacciatore, G., Cappuccino, G., Aiello, D., & Napoli, A. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13040950 · Cited by 35

The wide range of battery systems: From micro- to structural batteries, from biodegradable to high performance batteries

Costa, C. M., Salado, M., Ferrara, C., Ruffο, R., Mustarelli, P., Mao, R., Feng, S., Shang, Y., Wang, X., Lei, Z., et al. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101506 · Cited by 33

A novel two-dimensional whorled TiB4 as a high-performance anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

Ma, S., Zhang, H., Cheng, Z., Xie, X., Zhang, X., Liu, G., & Chen, G. (2023) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158083 · Cited by 30

Closed-loop recycling of lithium iron phosphate cathodic powders via citric acid leaching

Bruno, M., Francia, C., & Fiore, S. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-32837-6 · Cited by 30

Towards a circular supply chain for retired electric vehicle batteries: A systematic literature review

Zhu, H., Hu, D., & Yang, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109556 · Cited by 37

Management of spent power batteries in China: Progress, policies, and challenges

Tian, X., Peng, F., Chen, X., Wei, G., Gan, Y., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115797 · Cited by 30

Extraction of lithium as lithium phosphate from bauxite mine tailings via mixed acid leaching and chemical precipitation

Wu, L. H., Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xie, F., Zhang, S., & Fan, H.-P. (2023) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105621 · Cited by 32

Sustainable reprocessing of lithium iron phosphate batteries: A recovery approach using liquid-phase method at reduced temperature

Ren, T., Zou, B., Cai, B., Tong, L., Chen, J., Huang, R., Yang, D., Xiang, H., Ang, E. H., & Song, X. (2024) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.011 · Cited by 29

Electrochemical Relithiation in Spent LiFePO 4 Slurry for Regeneration of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode

Chen, S., Zhang, B., Lu, Y., Hu, X., Hong, N., Wang, H., Huang, J., Deng, W., Zou, G., Hou, H., et al. (2024) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02844 · Cited by 29

Battery fault diagnosis methods for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries: Correlating codes and battery management system

Naresh, G., Praveenkumar, T., Madheswaran, D. K., Varuvel, E. G., Pugazhendhi, A., Mohanraj, T., & Muthiya, S. J. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.106919 · Cited by 29

3D Graphene Nanoflake/Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube/CoAl Layered Double Oxide Composites for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Liao, K.-M., Dai, Y. K., Wang, H., Deng, S., & Dai, G. (2025) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.5c00164 · Cited by 29

Environmental-economic analysis of the secondary use of electric vehicle batteries in the load shifting of communication base stations: A case study in China

Yang, J., Weil, M., & Гу, Ф. (2022) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105823 · Cited by 30

Direct regeneration of high-value LiFePO4 cathode materials with nitrogen doped carbon coating

Gou, Y., Qi, C., Li, R., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., Zhang, M., Sun, Q., Song, L., & Jin, Y. (2024) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144180 · Cited by 27

An enhanced deep learning framework for state of health and remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery based on discharge fragments

Wang, S., Wang, P., Wang, L., Li, K., Xie, H., & Jiang, F. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.114952 · Cited by 29

Priority Recovery of Lithium From Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries via H 2 O‐Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

Zhang, Y., Ru, J., Hua, Y., Cheng, M., Lu, L., & Wang, D. (2025) · Carbon Neutralization · doi:10.1002/cnl2.186 · Cited by 27

A Review of the Development of the Energy Storage Industry in China: Challenges and Opportunities

Wang, F., & Xue, Y. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18061512 · Cited by 27

Towards preferential lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: phase transition mechanisms, technical innovation and future perspectives

Lin, M., Chen, Y., Wang, C., Xu, S., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101557 · Cited by 25

Research progress on recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Zhang, H., Wang, H., Wang, H., Ge, Z., Xie, W., Hao, J., Hao, J., Zhang, G., & He, Y. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107512 · Cited by 25

Recycling of spent lithium-iron phosphate batteries: toward closing the loop

Kumawat, S., Singh, D., & Saini, A. K. (2022) · Materials and Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1080/10426914.2022.2136387 · Cited by 44

A Critical Review on the Recycling Strategy of Lithium Iron Phosphate from Electric Vehicles

Zhang, M., Wang, L., Wang, S., Ma, T., Jia, F., & Zhan, C. (2023) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202300125 · Cited by 69

Separation and Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries for Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review

Liu, S., Li, Q., Lu, C., Tan, L., Xia, D., Dong, L., & Zhou, C. (2024) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c01742 · Cited by 32

Treatment of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries

Naseri, T., & Mousavi, S. M. (2024) · Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2024.100906 · Cited by 37

Advances in degradation mechanism and sustainable recycling of LiFePO4-type lithium-ion batteries

Qi, C., Yao, T., Zhai, W., Zhang, M., Song, L., & He, J. (2024) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103623 · Cited by 77