Cited by 342Schizophrenia research and treatmentPsychological Testing and AssessmentHistorical and Modern Theater Studies

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Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)

KEEFE, R, HARVEY, P, GOLDBERG, T, GOLD, J, WALKER, T, KENNEL, C, HAWKINS, K·2008·Schizophrenia Research

DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.024

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Abstract

According to the recommendations of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Neurocognition Committee, one of the desired characteristics of a cognitive battery for assessing cognition in schizophrenia studies and clinical trials is the availability of normative data. This report describes normative data collected on the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) from 404 healthy controls with demographic characteristics matching the 2005 United States Census of English-speakers. The six test measures demonstrated the expected pattern of correlations with age, gender, and education. Individual test scores were converted into standardized (T and z) scores and composite scores that were corrected for age and gender. An education-correction factor was calculated and recommended only for non-schizophrenia patients. Eight different verbal memory tests were found to have equivalent levels of difficulty.

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Event-related potentials associated to N-back test performance in schizophrenia
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“Over the past several decades the N-back task has been a useful paradigm to investigate the underpinnings of attentional and WM processing (Kirchner, 1958).”
The association between cytokines and psychomotor speed in a spectrum of psychotic disorders: A longitudinal study
Larsen, J. B., Reitan, S. K., Løberg, E., Rettenbacher, M. A., Bruserud, Ø., Larsen, T. K., Anda, L. G., Bartz-Johannessen, C. A., Johnsen, E., & Kroken, R. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100392 · Cited by 9
“Symbol coding was conducted at baseline and weeks 6, 26 and 52 (Keefe et al., 2008).”
Method
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“The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was developed as a neurocognitive battery that enables brief administration (about 40 min) and portability and has high reliability for specifically assessing the domains of cognitive function that are consistently impaired in schizophrenia, including verbal me…”
Method
A MEG Study of Visual Repetition Priming in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Impaired High-Frequency Oscillations and Event-Related Fields in Thalamo-Occipital Cortices
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“BACS data were standardized (z-transformed) to a normative database, correcting for age and gender (70).”
Method
Brief neuropsychological profiles in psychosis: a pilot study using the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS)
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“On the other hand, some researchers suggest that education-correction factors should be applied differentially, with schizophrenia patients excluded (26), a practice that we consider to be equally as problematic; as an alternative, the MCCB scoring programme offers a range of correction factors including no correction…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Novel measures of cognition and function for the AD spectrum in the Novel Measures for Alzheimer's Disease Prevention Trials (NoMAD) project: Psychometric properties, convergent validation, and contrasts with established measures
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Self-citation
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“The matrix size was 80 × 80 × 37 and the ﬁ eld of view was 230 × 126 × 230 mm 3 , resulting in a voxel size of 2.9 × 2.9 × 3.4 mm 3 .”
MethodInfluential
Altered resting-state functional connectivity in a thalamo-cortico-cerebellar network in patients with schizophrenia
Forlim, C. G., Klock, L., Baechle, J., Stoll, L., Giemsa, P., Fuchs, M., Schoofs, N., Montag, C., Gallinat, J., & Kühn, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78297-3 · Cited by 15
A systematic review of research on neuropsychological measures in psychotic disorders from low and middle-income countries: The question of clinical utility
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“Several candidate assessments are, however, attractive in terms of their scope and duration, and at least one of these, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; has been validated in high-income settings (Chianetta et al., 2008; Keefe et al., 2008; Salgado et al., 2007; Mazhari et al., 2014; Araujo et al.,…”
Background
Cardiff Online Cognitive Assessment in a National Sample: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Study
Lynham, A. J., Jones, I. R., & Walters, J. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/46675 · Cited by 6
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BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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“5 standard deviations below population means in standardised cognitive assessments (Keefe et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Development of novel measures for Alzheimer's disease prevention trials (NoMAD)
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Self-citation
Deficits in generalized cognitive ability, visual sensorimotor function, and inhibitory control represent discrete domains of neurobehavioral deficit in psychotic disorders
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Self-citation
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Retracted
Relationship between clinical improvement and functional gains with clozapine in schizophrenia
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“A subset of participants was further assessed with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) at baseline (Keefe et al., 2004, 2008).”
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Clementz, B. A., Chattopadhyay, I., Hill, S. K., McDowell, J. E., Keedy, S., Parker, D., Trotti, R. L., Ivleva, E. I., Keshavan, M. S., Gershon, E. S., et al. (2024) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100117 · Cited by 7
“Measures of cognitive performance used by B-SNIP are also temporally stable in the absence of efforts to change them (Clementz et al., 2022; Keefe et al., 2008; Hill et al., 2004b).”
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Method
New Graph-Theoretical-Multimodal Approach Using Temporal and Structural Correlations Reveals Disruption in the Thalamo-Cortical Network in Patients with Schizophrenia
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“Handedness was acquired by using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, cognitive functioning was tested by using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (Keefe et al., 2008), and verbal intelligence was assessed with a German Vocabulary Test (Schmidt and Metzler, 1992).”
Do neurobiological differences exist between paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia? Findings from the bipolar schizophrenia network on intermediate phenotypes study
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“Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS): memory, working memory, processing speed, executive functions and verbal fluency (35–40 min).”
MethodInfluential
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Harvey, P. D. (2013) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1253 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Improving treatment motivation in individuals with psychosis: Predictors of response to motivational enhancement
Brett, B. L., McGovern, J. E., Choi, J., & Fiszdon, J. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.038 · Cited by 7
Associations Of Personality Traits With The Capacity-Performance Discrepancy Of Functional Outcome In Patients With Schizophrenia
Uchino, T., Nemoto, T., Yamaguchi, T., Katagiri, N., Tsujino, N., Murakami, Y., Tanaka, K., & Mizuno, M. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s218738 · Cited by 7
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Method
No Effects of Cognitive Remediation on Cerebral White Matter in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis—A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Method
The Italian version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders: performance of patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls
Rossetti, M. G., Perlini, C., Abbiati, V., Bonivento, C., Caletti, E., Fanelli, G., Lanfredi, M., Lazzaretti, M., Pedrini, L., Piccin, S., et al. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152335 · Cited by 6
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“2) Calculated based on US BACS component score norms (Keefe et al., 2008).”
Method
Impaired verbal memory function is related to anterior cingulate glutamate levels in schizophrenia: findings from the STRATA study
Griffiths, K., Egerton, A., Millgate, E., Anton, A., Barker, G. J., Deakin, J. F. W., Drake, R., Eliasson, E. T., Gregory, C. J., Howes, O. D., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00265-5 · Cited by 6
Impact of polygenic risk for coronary artery disease and cardiovascular medication burden on cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders
Zhang, L.-S., Hill, S., Guo, B., Wu, B., Alliey-Rodriguez, N., Eum, S., Lizano, P., Ivleva, E., Reilly, J., Keefe, R., et al. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110464 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Corollary discharge and anomalous self-experiences in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A specificity analysis
Beño‐Ruiz‐de‐la‐Sierra, R. M., Arjona, A., Hernández-García, M., Fernández‐Linsenbarth, I., Díez, Á., Roig-Herrero, A., Osorio-Iriarte, E., & Molina, V. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.07.014 · Cited by 7
Targeting the Roots of Psychosis: The Role of Aberrant Salience
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“SCoRS has several notable strengths, including its relatively short administration time of approximately 15 min per interview, its established connection to real-world functioning, strong test–retest reliability, and its correlations with at least some performance-based cognitive measures [202,203].”
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“Research staff members will administer two brief neuropsychological tests: the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT-R; Benedict et al., 1998) and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Symbol Coding test (BACS SC; Keefe et al., 2008).”
Method
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Method
Neurobiology-based cognitive biotypes using multi-scale intrinsic connectivity networks in psychotic disorders
Andrés-Camazón, P., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Ballem, R., Chen, J., Calhoun, V. D., & Iraji, A. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00593-2 · Cited by 6
“All participants underwent cognitive testing with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) 40,41 that includes six cognitive constructs: 1) Verbal Memory/List Learning Task, 2) Working Memory/Digit Sequencing Task, 3) Motor Speed/Token Motor Task, 4) Verbal Fluency/Category…”
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Self-citation
Mobile cognitive remote assessment of schizophrenia: a global multi-site pilot study
Castillo, J., Cheong, J., Choudhary, S., Bondre, A. P., Rozatkar, A. R., Mehta, U. M., Shrivastava, R., Ahmad, M. A., Malviya, A., Sen, Y., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00660-8 · Cited by 4
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Influential
White Matter, Cognition, and Electrophysiological Variables in Bipolar Disorder: Using Multimodal Integration of Biomarker Variables Associated With Bipolar Disorder to Elucidate Deficits
Berardi, A., Brown, J. A., Jackson, B. S., Huang, L., Trotti, R. L., Parker, D. A., Hill, S. K., Ivleva, E. I., Pearlson, G. D., Tamminga, C. A., et al. (2025) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70010 · Cited by 4
“Data collection of these laboratory measures was done using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) [22], Stop Signal Task (SST) [23], saccadic eye movement testing with antisaccade and prosaccade tasks [24], intrinsic neural activity [25], and auditory brain responses to repeated…”
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“…test batteries have been developed by the Food and Drug Administration–National Institute of Mental Health–Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS), such as the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia [5,6].”
Method
Effects of Milnacipran on Neurocognition, Pain, and Fatigue in Fibromyalgia
Kim, J. L., Rele, S., Marks, D. M., Masand, P. S., Yerramsetty, P., Millet, R. A., Keefe, R. S. E., & Patkar, A. A. (2013) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.13m01555 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Successful evaluation of cognitive function and the nature of cognitive deficits among people with schizophrenia in clinical rehabilitation settings
John, A. P., Yeak, K., Ayres, H., Sevastos, M., & Moore, E. (2016) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856216656537 · Cited by 4
“Mild 39 (37) 41 (32) 24 (20) 34 (28) 42 (34) 15 (12) 34 (28) Moderate 21 (17) 16 (13) 18 (15) 19 (15) 42 (34) 7 (6) 31 (25) Severe 17 (14) 12 (10) 5 (4) 3 (2) 18 (15) 7 (6) 22 (18)”
Nucks1 gene polymorphism rs823114 is associated with the positive symptoms and neurocognitive function of patients with schizophrenia in parts of southern China
Xia, W., Xu, X., Luo, X., Yin, J., Liang, C., Zhu, J., Nong, X., Zhu, X., Ning, F., Gu, S., et al. (2021) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000285 · Cited by 4
“…sequencing task), motor speed (token motor task), semantic and letter fluency (category instances and controlled oral word association test), verbal memory (list learning), reasoning and problem solving (Tower of London) and attention and processing speed (symbol coding) (Keefe et al., 2008).”
Background
Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas South African Career Interest Inventory Short
Juliana, N., & Gunawan, W. (2021) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.24014/jp.v17i2.12676 · Cited by 4
Association study of a genetic variant in the long intergenic noncoding RNA (linc01080) with schizophrenia in Han Chinese
Qi, Y., Wei, Y., Yu, F., Lin, Q., Yin, J., Fu, J., Xiong, S., Lv, D., Dai, Z., Peng, Q., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03623-2 · Cited by 4
“It is specifically designed to measure cognitive changes associated with treatment and comes in different forms, and its reliability, effectiveness and sensitivity have been demonstrated [14]), in which each items were used to assessed specific cognitive function, including Digit sequencing task (working memory), List…”
Method
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of Home-based Cognitive Remediation in Clinically Stable Schizophrenia Patients Attending a North Indian Tertiary Care Institution
Moun, V., Tripathi, A., Dalal, P., Kar, S. K., Gupta, P. K., Singh, S., & Joshi, M. (2022) · Indian Journal of Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.55229/ijbs2022.0306 · Cited by 4
Validation of the Chinese Version of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
Huang, K.-W., Lin, P., Lee, Y., Huang, Y., Hung, C., Lee, S.-Y., Chen, C., & Wang, L. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0322 · Cited by 4
Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive functioning in youth at ultra-high risk for psychosis: secondary analysis of the NEURAPRO randomised controlled trial
Cheng, N., McLaverty, A., Nelson, B., Markulev, C., Schäfer, M. R., Berger, M., Mossaheb, N., Schlögelhofer, M., Smesny, S., Hickie, I. B., et al. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.572 · Cited by 4
Response to Russell's (2007) and Hom's (2008) Commentary on “A motion to exclude and the ‘fixed’ versus ‘flexible’ battery in ‘forensic’ neuropsychology”
Bigler, E. D. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.09.003 · Cited by 4
Moderating Role of Cigarette Smoking on the Efficacy of tDCS in the Treatment of Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial
Lisoni, J., Nibbio, G., Ardesi, M., Baglioni, A., Bertoni, L., Bezzi, F., Cicolari, C. A. C., Frigerio, F., Gregorelli, M., Miotto, P., et al. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16020186 · Cited by 3
Protocol for evaluation of iTEST, a novel blended intervention to enhance introspective accuracy in psychotic disorders
Berretta, S. A., Abaya, N. M., Parrish, E. M., McBride, L. E., Moore, R. C., Ackerman, R. A., Harvey, P. D., Pinkham, A. E., & Depp, C. A. (2025) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-024-00024-7 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The GPR139 agonist TAK-041 produces time-dependent alterations to cerebral blood flow and reward system function in patients with schizophrenia: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Hawkins, P. C. T., Schwarz, A. J., Stone, J. M., Pepper, F., Gilleen, J., Gijsen, S. C. J., Mazibuko, N., Arkilo, D., Yin, W., Wu, J., et al. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06884-x · Cited by 3
“The primary outcome measure from the BACS is a composite score that averages the standardized scaled scores from each of the six tests (Keefe et al. 2008), and which was used as a single end-point for the assessment (seesupplementary information).”
Mapping the psychosis spectrum – imaging neurosubtypes from multiscale functional network connectivity
Ballem, R., Andrés-Camazón, P., Jensen, K. M., Bajracharya, P., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Bustillo, J., Turner, J. A., Fu, Z., Tamminga, C. A., Clementz, B. A., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03921-9 · Cited by 4
A Comparison of Methods for Predicting Future Cognitive Status
Appiah, F., & Charnigo, R. J. (2021) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000462 · Cited by 3
The Survey for Memory, Attention, and Reaction Time (SMART): Preliminary normative online panel data and user attitudes for a brief web-based cognitive performance measure
Leese, M. I., Mattek, N., Bernstein, J. P. K., Dorociak, K. E., Gothard, S., Kaye, J. A., & Hughes, A. M. (2022) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2022.2103033 · Cited by 3
“Previous research has also demonstrated that older age and less educational attainment were correlated with lower performance on computerized cognitive tests (Feenstra et al., 2018; Keefe et al., 2008).”
Result
Reduced task-evoked pupillary response in preparation for an executive cognitive control response among individuals across the psychosis spectrum
Karpouzian‐Rogers, T., Sweeney, J. A., Rubin, L. H., McDowell, J. E., Clementz, B. A., Gershon, E. S., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Tamminga, C. A., & Reilly, J. L. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.018 · Cited by 3
Reward Learning as a Potential Mechanism for Improvement in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Following Cognitive Remediation: Protocol for a Clinical, Nonrandomized, Pre-Post Pilot Study
Dark, F. L., Galloway, G. J., Gray, M. A., Cella, M., Monte, V. E. D., Gore‐Jones, V., & Ritchie, G. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/52505 · Cited by 4
Effects of Vortioxetine Versus Placebo on Cognition and Functional Capacity in Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Durand, D., Calcagno, T., Wong, A., Newport, D. J., Nemeroff, C. B., Dunlop, B. W., & Harvey, P. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001414 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The association of serum folate levels with schizophrenia symptoms
Zhilyaeva, T. V., Kasyanov, E. D., Piatoikina, A. S., Blagonravova, A. S., & Mazo, G. E. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2022122081128 · Cited by 3
Cysteamine, a pro-BDNF drug, as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia
Buckley, P. F., Miller, B. J., Pillai, A., & Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.030 · Cited by 3
Description and validation of a new scale for assessment of autonomy in patients with schizophrenia
Ma, M., & Rupchev, G. (2015) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20151151153-57 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Remediation
McLeod, H. J., & King, R. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118702703.ch9 · Cited by 3
Neural fingerprints of data driven cognitive subtypes across the psychosis spectrum: a B-SNIP study
Meda, S. A., Dykins, M. M., Hill, S. K., Clementz, B. A., Keedy, S., McDowell, J. E., Ivleva, E. I., Gershon, E. S., Keshavan, M. S., Tamminga, C. A., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03422-3 · Cited by 2
Natural molecules in the treatment of schizophrenia
Munawar, N., Ahsan, K., & Ahmad, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23763-8.00011-7 · Cited by 2
THIDS: Triplet High-Order Individual Differential Structural Brain Network
Wen, D., Zhao, C., Adalı, T., Zhang, D., Calhoun, V. D., & Qi, S. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi60581.2025.10980896 · Cited by 2
Neurocognitive Deficits, Negative Symptoms, and Insight in Schizophrenia
Preda, A., Bota, R. G., & Harvey, P. D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0831-0_2 · Cited by 3
“Further, people with schizophrenia routinely manifest reduced levels of educational attainment than their parents and siblings [31].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Prospects of using event-related potentials in medical examination of military mental disorders
Volodarskaya, A. A., Lobachev, A. V., Марченко, А. А., & Khabarov, I. Y. (2023) · Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations · doi:10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-2-75-88 · Cited by 2
Analysis of the functional EEG network in an Ecuadorian schizophrenia sample
Rodríguez‐Lorenzana, A., Torres-Tapia, M., Parra, C., Díez, Á., Arjona, A., Gómez‐Pilar, J., Pasquel, E., Granizo, D., & Molina, V. (2021) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2021.06.004 · Cited by 1
The Ethiopian Cognitive Assessment battery in Schizophrenia (ECAS): a validation study
Gebreegziabhere, Y., Habatmu, K., Cella, M., & Alem, A. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00462-4 · Cited by 2
Protocol for Cancloz: multicentre randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group adaptive trial of cannabidiol for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia
Siskind, D. J., Bull, C. F., Suetani, S., Warren, N., Suraev, A. S., McGregor, I. S., Kisely, S. R., Monte, V. E. D., Trott, M., Shine, M., et al. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.748 · Cited by 1
Clinical subtypes of schizophrenia based on the discrepancies between objective performance on social cognition tasks and subjective difficulties in social cognition
Uchino, T., Akiyama, H., Okubo, R., Wada, I., Aoki, A., Nohara, M., Okano, H., Kubota, R., Yamada, Y., Toyomaki, A., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00515-8 · Cited by 2
“…and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 47,48 , neurocognition, assessed by the Brief Assessment of Cognition for Schizophrenia, Japanese Version 49,50 , functional capacity, assessed by the University of California, San Diego Performance-based Skill Assessment-Brief (UPSA-B) 51,52 , and social…”
Method
Schizophrenia Research: From Epidemiological Trends to Experimental Models, In Vitro Studies, and Emerging Treatments
P., M. R. C., Suresh.R, D., M, F., Sherin, H., Sherin, J., & Jothi, E. T. (2025) · International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research · doi:10.61096/ijamscr.v13.iss1.2025.89-99 · Cited by 1
Effect of personalized dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neuromodulation on default mode connectivity and working memory in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Grot, S., Benedictis, L. D., Bougeard, A., Albouy, P., Stip, É., Potvin, S., & Orban, P. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112093 · Cited by 1
Chicken or the egg: The relationship between cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in first episode psychosis
Au‐Yeung, C., Christophe, N. K., Lavigne, K. M., Raucher‐Chéné, D., & Lepage, M. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.02.008 · Cited by 1
Differential effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy on cognitive function in patients with major depressive disorder: A propensity-weighted longitudinal study
Kobayashi, Y., Hirano, J., Nakagawa, A., Takemura, R., Umeda, S., 田島, 美., Noda, S., Amano, M., Kamiya, K., Mimura, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121632 · Cited by 1
Neuroanatomical Deficits in Visual Cortex Subregions of Individuals With Psychosis Spectrum Disorders Linked to Symptoms, Cognition, and Childhood Trauma
Türközer, H. B., Zeng, V., Hoang, D., Sritharan, J., Iska, N., Ivleva, E. I., Clementz, B. A., Pearlson, G. D., Keedy, S., Gershon, E. S., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf262 · Cited by 1
Cerebellar structure is abnormal in schizophrenia and deviates from bipolar disorder
Rashidi, M., Morales, J., Brodnick, Z. M., Calhoun, V. D., Wolf, R. C., Mueller, B. A., Demro, C., Sponheim, S. R., & Turner, J. A. (2026) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2026.104017 · Cited by 1
“Cognition was evaluated by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) (Keefe et al., 2004; Keefe et al., 2008).”
Obvious impairment of attention and processing speed in patients with schizoaffective disorder
Chen, C. K., Chen, Y. C., Chong, M., Huang, Y. C., Hung, C., & Wang, L. (2016) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000155 · Cited by 1
“Finally, a composite score is obtained by comparing each patient’s performance on each measure with the corresponding performance of a healthy comparison group [25].”
Method
Cognitive functions and a BDNF gene polymorphism in schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals
Boiko, A. S., Викторовна, М. Е., Kornetova, E. G., & Ivanova, S. А. (2020) · IEEE Ural-Siberian Conference on Computational Technologies in Cognitive Science, Genomics and Biomedicine (CSGB) · doi:10.1109/csgb51356.2020.9214770 · Cited by 1
“Also, associations of genotypes of polymorphism rs6265 of the BDNF gene were detected by performing subtests of the BACS scale, which characterize such cognitive functions as verbal memory, processing speed, attention and processing speed.”
MethodInfluential
Assessment of the German Version of Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)
Mortazavi, M., Amon, J., Jäger, I. M., Hasanaj, G., Farsani, Z. A., Fischer, K., Gamer, M., Hasan, A., Keefe, R. S. E., Sachs, G., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2025.100364 · Cited by 1
“Keefe et al. (Keefe et al., 2004; Keefe et al., 2008) standardized the original English version of the BACS and collected normative data from 404 healthy controls.”
Self-citation
Among the severely mentally ill, who responds to ziprasidone?
Bark, N. M., Lawson, N. D., Trigoboff, E., Varadi, R., Grace, J., Olympia, J., Sindhu, N., Watson, T., El-Defrawi, M. H., & Roy, P. (2016) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.bala.123015 · Cited by 1
Is sex a moderator of social functioning in patients with paranoid schizophrenia?
Sofronov, A. G., Pashkovskiy, V. E., Dobrovolskaya, A. E., Getmanenko, J. A., Gvozdetsckii, A. N., & Колчев, С. А. (2020) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2019-4-2-87-93 · Cited by 1
“(женщины, n=55) P M σ M σ Заучивание слов 32,73 8,05 31,36 12,74 .5328 Последовательность чисел 14,95 3,94 24,96 12,20 .0000* Фишки 55,97 16,06 32,21 16,31 .0000* Вербальная беглость 37,62 14,15 35,65 12,19 .4564 Шифровка 34,55 10,25 23,69 10,28 .0000* Башня Лондона 12,97 3,38 30,30 14,43 .0000 BACS композитный -2,55…”
Influential
Cognitive Remediation Services for People with Schizophrenia: Considerations for Health Service Practitioners
Ahmed, A. O., Hansen, M. C., & Lindenmayer, J. (2018) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf03544667 · Cited by 1
Влияние когнитивных функций на уровень суицидального риска у больных шизофренией
Kornetova, E. G., Gerasimova, V. I., Корнетов, А. Н., Yazykov, K. G., Александровна, Г. А., Mednova, I. A., Semke, A. V., Ivanova, S. А., & Bokhan, N. A. (2020) · Суицидология · doi:10.32878/suiciderus.20-11-04(41)-13-25 · Cited by 1
Neurological soft signs and cognition among inpatients with schizophrenia
Fares, R., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Hallit, S. R., Haddad, G., Salameh, P., & Calvet, B. (2023) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2023.2269647 · Cited by 1
“(Carter & Barch, 2007; Keefe et al., 2008) that can detect reduced functional capacity and poor real-world functioning in schizophrenia patients, thereby identifying underlying social and emotional dysfunction (Green & Harvey, 2014).”
Background
Z‐Score
Madsen, J. W. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy1047 · Cited by 1
Evaluating Resting State EEG Biomarkers Across Psychosis Biotypes: Stability and HD-tDCS ModulationPreprint
Trotti, R. L., Doss, I., Parker, D. A., Raymond, N., Sauer, K., Pearlson, G. D., Gershon, E. S., Keedy, S., Hill, S. K., Tamminga, C. A., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.26346924 · Cited by 1
Clinical, cellular, and genomic consequences of a population-enriched SETD1A missense variantPreprint
Ament, S. A., Lease, R., Oshone, R., Ahmed, Y., Ali, S., Arjona, S. P., Choe, J., Colantuoni, C., Cortes-Gutierrez, M., Herb, B. R., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9900286/v1 · Cited by 1
“Although originally designed to assess cognition in SCZ, the BACS has also been validated to assess cognitive differences in individuals with BD and MDD 30,89 .”
Influential
Desorganización de la actividad cortical y rendimiento neurocognitivo en pacientes de esquizofrenia y sus familiares de primer orden
Díez, Á. (2013) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.122923
Altered resting state functional connectivity in a thalamo-cortico-cerebellar network in patients with schizophreniaPreprint
Forlim, C. G., Klock, L., Bächle, J., Stoll, L., Giemsa, P., Fuchs, M., Schoofs, N., Montag, C., Gallinat, J., & Kühn, S. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/506576
Neurocognitive deficits in participants at clinical high-risk for psychosis: relationships to clinical symptoms and functioning
Mitchell, L. (2018) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
The complex interplay between schizotypy and emotional, cognitive and psychological factors
Webster, L. (2019) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)
Influence of clinical and therapeutic indicators on the severity of neurocognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia
Kornetova, E. G., Александровна, Г. А., Dmitrieva, E. G., Arzhanik, A. A., Корнетов, А. Н., & Semke, A. V. (2020) · Bulletin of Siberian Medicine · doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2020-3-36-43
P.568 Trihexyphenidyl in combination with antipsychotic therapy does not affect the severity of neurocognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia
Kornetova, E. G., Корнетов, А. Н., & Ivanova, S. А. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.415

Authors: KEEFE, R., HARVEY, P., GOLDBERG, T., GOLD, J., WALKER, T., KENNEL, C., & HAWKINS, K.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
Emory University (US)
Zucker Hillside Hospital (US)
Duke Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: KEEFE, R
ORCID: KEEFE, R
HARVEY, P
GOLDBERG, T
GOLD, J
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 102
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 108-115
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.024
OpenAlex: W2018927895
Cited by: 342
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Keywords: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Cognition Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Control Groups, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)

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