Brief culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CaCBTp): A randomized controlled trial from a low income country

Naeem, Farooq; Saeed, Sofiya; Irfan, Muhammad; Kiran, Tayyeba; Mehmood, Nasir; Gul, Mirrat; Munshi, Tariq; Ahmad, Sohail; Kazmi, Ajmal; Husain, Nusrat; Farooq, Saeed; Ayub, Muhammad; Kingdon, David

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.015

Cited by 96Schizophrenia research and treatmentCounseling, Therapy, and Family DynamicsMental Health Treatment and Access

Brief culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CaCBTp): A randomized controlled trial from a low income country

Naeem, Farooq, Saeed, Sofiya, Irfan, Muhammad, Kiran, Tayyeba, Mehmood, Nasir, Gul, Mirrat, Munshi, Tariq, Ahmad, Sohail +5 more·2015·Schizophrenia Research

DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.015

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Abstract

Evidence for the effectiveness of Culturally adapted CBT for psychosis in Low And Middle Income Countries (LAMIC) is limited. Therefore, brief Culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CaCBTp) targeted at symptoms of schizophrenia for outpatients plus treatment as usual (TAU) is compared with TAU. A total of 116 participants with schizophrenia were recruited from 2 hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan, and randomized into two groups with 1:1 allocation (CaCBTp plus TAU=59, TAU=57). A brief version of CaCBTp (6 individual sessions with the involvement of main carer, plus one session for the family) was provided over 4months. Psychopathology was measured using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale of Schizophrenia (PANSS), Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS), and the Schedule for Assessment of Insight (SAI) at baseline and end of therapy. Participants in treatment group, showed statistically significant improvement in all measures of psychopathology at the end of the study compared with control group. Participants in treatment group showed statistically significant improvement in Positive Symptoms (PANSS, Positive Symptoms Subscale; p=0.000), Negative Symptoms (PANSS, Negative Symptoms subscales; p=0.000), Delusions (PSYRATS, Delusions Subscale; p=0.000), Hallucinations (PSYRATS, Hallucination Subscale; p=0.000) and Insight (SAI; p=0.007). The results suggest that brief, Culturally adapted CBT for psychosis can be an effective treatment when provided in combination with TAU, for patients with schizophrenia in a LAMIC setting. This is the first trial of CBT for psychosis from outside the western world. These findings need replicating in other low and middle income countries.

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A brief culturally adapted version of CBT-p is linked with improvements in insight.
“A brief culturally adapted version of CBT-p was also linked with improvements in insight 162,163 .”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [162]

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Cognitive behavioural family intervention for people diagnosed with severe mental illness and their families: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Ma, C. F., Chan, S. K. W., Chien, W. T., Bressington, D. T., Mui, E. Y. W., Lee, E. H. M., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12567 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Overview of schizophrenia research and treatment in Pakistan
Nawaz, R., Gul, S., Amin, R., Huma, T., & Mughairbi, F. A. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05545 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Contemporary Psychotherapy and Cultural Adaptations
Rathod, S. (2016) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-016-9344-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Our group has conducted research in this area over the years in developed countries like the UK (Rathod et al. 2005, 2010, 2013) and in low and middle income countries like Pakistan (Naeem et al. 2015a, b) that has contributed to a body of evidence in favour of cultural adaptation of interventions.”
Background
Impact of a culturally adapted behavioural family psychoeducational programme in patients with schizophrenia in Egypt
Khalil, A. H., ElNahas, G. M., Ramy, H. A., Aziz, K. A., Elkholy, H. A., & El-Ghamry, R. H. (2018) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2018.1480786 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“We also incorporated cultural and religious values as these have previously been demonstrated to be associated with positive treatment outcomes (Naeem et al., 2015).”
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Cognitive therapy of psychosis: Research and implementation
Kingdon, D., & Turkington, D. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Culturally adapted family intervention for schizophrenia in Pakistan: a feasibility study
Husain, M. O., Khoso, A. B., Renwick, L., Kiran, T., Saeed, S., Lane, S., Naeem, F., Chaudhry, I. B., & Husain, N. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1819332 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The adaptations to the CulFI intervention followed a rigorous cultural adaptation framework based on our previous work on culturally adapted psychosocial interventions in Pakistan (Naeem et al. 2015; Husain et al. 2017a, 2017b) .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Culturally Adapted Psychosocial Interventions for Schizophrenia: A Review
Maura, J., & de Mamani, A. W. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.01.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Protocol for a multi-phase, mixed methods study to develop and evaluate culturally adapted CBT to improve community mental health services for Canadians of south Asian origin
Naeem, F., Tuck, A. C., Mutta, B., Dhillon, P., Thandi, G., Kassam, A., Farah, N., Ashraf, A., Husain, M. I., Husain, M. O., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05547-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychological Healing in Pakistan: From Sufism to Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Irfan, M., Saeed, S., Awan, N. R., Gul, M., Aslam, M., & Naeem, F. (2017) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-016-9354-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Southampton Adaptation Framework to Culturally Adapt Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Naeem, F., Phiri, P., & Husain, N. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.02.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
“Guide or conversation?” The experience of Second-Generation Pakistani Muslim men receiving CBT in the UK
Tarabi, S. A., Loulopoulou, A. I., & Henton, I. (2018) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2018.1471587 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Further quantitative studies (Naeem et al., 2010, 2015; Rathod, Phiri, et al., 2013) have investigated the efficacy or effectiveness of CBT among heterogenous groups within these communities.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cultural modifications of cognitive behavioural treatment of social anxiety among culturally diverse clients: a systematic literature review
Jankowska, M. (2019) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x18000211 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Theory 3 seems to be dominant in the area of research not only on cultural aspects of SAD but in general on culturally sensitive CBT for a variety of conditions (e.g. Husain et al., 2014, 2017; Naeem et al., 2015).”
Background
Culture and Psychosis in Clinical Practice
Jarvis, G. E., Iyer, S. N., Andermann, L., & Fung, K. P.-L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815012-2.00004-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Real‐world comprehensive care of people living with schizophrenia: recommendations across different settings and clinical stages
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“For example, an RCT conducted in Pakistan evaluated brief culturally adapted CBT for psychosis combined with treatment as usual compared with the latter treat-ment alone 312 .”
Influential
Culturally adapted motivational interviewing with cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorder in Pakistan (CAMAIB): protocol for a feasibility factorial randomised controlled trial
Asif, M., Khoso, A. B., Husain, M., Shahzad, S., Hout, M. C. V., Rafiq, N. U. Z., Lane, S., Chaudhry, I. B., & Husain, N. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01296-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Preliminary evaluation of a “formulation-driven cognitive behavioral guided self-help (fCBT-GSH)” for crisis and transitional case management clients
Naeem, F., Johal, R. K., Mckenna, C., Calancie, O. G., Munshi, T. A., Hassan, T., Nasar, A., & Ayub, M. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s127567 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Cognitive behavioral therapy around the globe
Kuo, C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814932-4.00005-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Spiritually Informed Interventions and Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Turner, P. R., & Hodge, D. R. (2020) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731520946824 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The next study examined the effectiveness of brief CaCBTp with outpatients with schizophrenia (N ¼ 116) recruited from two hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan (Naeem et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Applying the cultural adaption framework to the Early Youth Engagement ( EYE ‐2) approach to early intervention in psychosis
Rathod, S., Phiri, P., de Visser, R. O., Moore, S., Au‐Yeung, K., Collier, O., Gu, J., Bartl, G., & Greenwood, K. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12423 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cultural Considerations for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders II: Assessment and Treatment
Paul, N., Maietta, J., & Allen, D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32229-8_27 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Recovery Process for Individuals With Schizophrenia in the Context of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy and Rehabilitation
Rakitzi, S., Georgila, P., & Becker-Woitag, A. P. (2020) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000400 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
‘Someone on my level’: A Meta‐Ethnographic Review of Therapeutic Relationships in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis
Pipkin, A., Hogg, L. I., & Armitage, S. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2578 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioural Therapies for Psychosis
Johns, L., Isham, L., & Manser, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815012-2.00015-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cultural Adaptation of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Rathod, S., Kingdon, D., Pinninti, N. R., Turkington, D., & Phiri, P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118976159.ch2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Disentangling the Consequences of Systemic Racism and Clinical Paranoia to Promote Effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Persecutory Delusions in Minoritized Individuals: A Case-Example
Moussa‐Tooks, A. B., Sheffield, J. M., Freeman, D. H., & Brinen, A. P. (2023) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501231190920 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Adaptations include content on culturally-speci ﬁ c beliefs about treatment, the role of family and religion, and addressing culturally-driven stigma and beliefs about psychosis (Naeem, 2019; Naeem et al., 2015, 2021; Rathod et al., 2010, 2013).”
Background
‘Like I said about culture. You don't talk about mental health’: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of first‐episode psychosis in South Asian individuals
Patel, K., Cardno, A. G., & Isherwood, T. (2023) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13368 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Where psychological therapies have been adapted to work with presentations of psychosis, such as CBTp (Naeem et al., 2016), and in ethnic minority groups (Habib et al., 2015; Naeem et al., 2015), there is a risk that they minimize the lived realities of multiply marginalized service users.”
A systematic review of the effectiveness and implementation readiness of psychosocial interventions for psychosis in South Asia
Lyles, S., Khan, Z., Qureshi, O., & Shaikh, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283411 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring the perceptions of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their family members to inform the cultural adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study
Aljuhani, M., Lovell, K., Price, O., & Almutairi, A. (2024) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x24000394 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Furthermore, studies have shown that engaged family members have an important role in CBT for psychosis in the Muslim community (Naeem et al. , 2015; Naeem et al. , 2019).”
Adapting cognitive-behavioral therapy for a Malaysian muslim
Subhas, N., Mukhtar, F., & Munawar, K. (2021) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.47176/mjiri.35.28 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“There are a few research studies that have adapted the CBT concept to suit the client’s spiritual, religious, and cultural background (11, 37, 44-49); for instance, incorporating Taoism into CBT for the neurosis treatment (50), using CBT with Christian beliefs to treat depression (51), culturally adapted CBT for psych…”
Background
Introduction to the Special Issue on Cultural Adaptations of CBT
Stone, L., Beck, A. F., Hashempour, F., & Thwaites, R. (2018) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x18000181 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…in Western contexts and in low- and middle-income countries, where there are challenges both in adapting the content to local values and practices, and working with considerably fewer resources than in Western contexts (e.g. Bennett-Levy et al., 2014; Naeem et al., 2014, 2015; Beck, 2016).”
Background
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in the Asian context: a review of the recent studies
Wong, J. P.-S., Ting, K. T., & Wong, A. W. S. (2019) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1634012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In Pakistan, CBTp was found to be effective in improving positive symptoms, negative symptoms and insight (Habib, Dawood, Kingdon, & Naeem, 2015; Naeem et al., 2015).”
Background
Sandplay therapy for people coping with negative symptoms of psychosis: a theoretically promising option
Turner, P. R. (2023) · Journal of Social Work Practice · doi:10.1080/02650533.2023.2284358 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The argument comes from cultures where the aetiology of psychosis is believed to be more spiritual in nature and people with psychosis experiences are more likely to seek out faith healers (Naeem et al., 2015).”
Background
Early intervention in psychosis programs in Africa, Asia and Latin America; challenges and recommendations
van der Ven, E., Yang, X., Mascayano, F., Weinreich, K. J., Chen, E. Y. H., Tang, C. Y. Z., Kim, S., Burns, J. K., Chiliza, B., Mohan, G., et al. (2025) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.78 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It has been argued that consulting traditional healers could be conceptualized as a form of social support, and there is some evidence pointing toward traditional healers having beneficial effects on common mental disorders and on individuals ’ quality of life (Naeem et al., 2015; et al., 2016).”
Culturally adapted psychoeducation for bipolar disorder in a low-resource setting: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Husain, M. I., Umer, M., Asif, M., Khoso, A. B., Kiran, T., Ansari, M. A., Aslam, H., Bhatia, M. R., Dogar, F. A., Husain, M. O., et al. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.598 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“26,27 Most cultural adaptations of psychological treatments tend to be for implementation rather than content, 28 and we use the same principle for the CaPE intervention.”
Self-citation
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Interventions on Depression and Anxiety in the Adult East Asian and Related Diaspora Populations: a Meta-analysis
Karat, B. G., Narikuzhy, S., Bonato, S., Sanches, M., Ahmed, S., Liang, L., Husain, M. I., Husain, M. O., Farooq, S., Ayub, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00153-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Considering the efficacy of culturally adapted CBIs (Naeem et al., 2015a; Naeem et al., 2015b; Amin et al., 2020), clinicians and researchers should integrate culturally anchored beliefs, values, meanings, and practices in treatment interventions.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on the Positive and Negative Psychotic Symptoms and Emotion Regulation of Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Khakbaz, H., Khanjani, M. S., Younesi, S. J., Ardakani, M. R. K., Safi, M. H., & Hosseinzadeh, S. (2023) · فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توانبخشی · doi:10.32598/rj.24.1.1450.3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brief Intervention Models in Psychosis for Developing Countries (Asia and Africa)
Irfan, M., Stone, L., Husain, N., & Phiri, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30521-9_12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Brief Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Psychosis
Naeem, F., & Kingdon, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30521-9_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Treatment effect modifiers of cognitive behaviour therapy in people with psychosis: an individual participant data meta-analysis of RCTs
Varese, F., Sudell, M., Morrison, A. P., Longden, E., & Smith, C. T. (2024) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/ncfr5074 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neuroscientific Framework of Cognitive–Behavioral Interventions for Mental Health Across Diverse Cultural Populations: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness, Delivery Methods, and Engagement
Gkintoni, E., & Nikolaou, G. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe16010002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Stability and Its Relationship With Fear of Falling in Patients With Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis
boroujeni, M. K., Karimi, M. T., Sharifmoradi, K., & Aghdam, H. A. (2023) · فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توانبخشی · doi:10.32598/rj.24.1.3482.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Brief Review of Key Models in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis
Phiri, P., Rathod, S., Carr, H., & Kingdon, D. (2017) · Acta Psychopathologica · doi:10.4172/2469-6676.100156 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Psychotherapy for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Irfan, M., Muzaffar, S., Kingdon, D., Rathod, S., & Naeem, F. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814932-4.00010-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Culturally adapted psychosocial interventions (CaPSI) for early psychosis in a low-resource setting: study protocol for a large multi-center RCT
Husain, M. O., Khoso, A. B., Kiran, T., Chaudhry, N., Husain, M. I., Asif, M., Ansari, M., Rajput, A. H., Dawood, S., Naqvi, H., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04904-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“CBT and FI, like many other modern therapies, were first developed in the West, and as such, largely represent Western cultural values [24].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Global mental health commentary: using innovation to create a workforce to deliver and implement culturally adapted CBT in Pakistan
Khan, N., Butt, M. G., Awan, F., Abid, S., Latif, M., Aslam, M., Naz, S., Phiri, P., Zadeh, Z. F., Farooq, S., et al. (2025) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2024-301389 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Pakistan
Khan, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85726-0.00010-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Its Role in the Outcome and Recovery from Schizophrenia
Lodha, P., & Sousa, A. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19847-3_26 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The acceptability of cognitive behaviour therapy in Indonesian community health care
Bouman, T. K., Lommen, M. J. J., & Setiyawati, D. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000228 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Three randomized controlled trials in Pakistan found culturally adapted CBT for depressed patients to be more effective than treatment as usual (Naeem et al. , 2009, 2010, 2015).”
Psychological interventions for persons with auditory hallucination in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A scoping review
Sivaji, P., Venkatasubramanian, P., Venkatraman, L., & Ramachandran, P. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104533 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Feasibility and acceptability of culturally adapted cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with Cannabis use disorder in tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan: A multi-methods study protocol
Ullah, S., Paudyal, P., Ahmad, F., Ullah, A., Khan, M. F., Yadegarfar, G., Naeem, F., & Farooq, S. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.168207.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Culturally Adapted CBT for Psychosis
Naeem, F., Naz, S., & Phiri, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27003-1_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Team-based motivational engagement intervention in young people with first-episode psychosis: the EYE-2 cluster RCT with economic and process evaluation
Greenwood, K., Jones, C. I., Yaziji, N., Healey, A., May, C. R., Bremner, S. A., Hooper, R., Rathod, S., Phiri, P., de Visser, R. O., et al. (2023) · Health and Social Care Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/wdwg4102 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Explore and Develop a Culturally Adopted Behavioral Psycho EducationalFamilyIntervention for Caregivers of Schizophrenic Patients inEgyptian Context
Wahid, R., & Rathinasamy, E. V. L. (2022) · Research Review · doi:10.52845/jmrhs/2022-5-2-3
Challenges in developing feasible and cost-effective therapies for use in LMICs
Naeem, F., Rathod, S., Khan, N. S., & Ayub, M. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.209.3.263a · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Statistical Visualization of Big Data Through Hadoop Streaming in RStudio
Verma, C., & Pandey, R. (2018) · Advances in data mining and database management book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3142-5.ch019
"I'm the same as you" : the experiences of CBT for problem gambling in South Asian men : an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Dandgey, S. (2018) · London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University)
Assessing the effectiveness of CBTp across time : a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sitko, K. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Statistical Visualization of Big Data Through Hadoop Streaming in RStudio
Verma, C., & Pandey, R. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3662-2.ch035
Ethno-cognitive behavioral therapy and ethnopsychotherapy: A new narrative
Naeem, F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85726-0.00018-1
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Technology, Health, and Contemporary Practice: How Does Digital Mental Health Fit It and What Does It Offer?
Mucić, D., & Hilty, D. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59936-1_1
The effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cobandag, M., & Sigala, N. (2026) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2026.10537
THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS DELUSIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS IN NIGERIAN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE
Okore, A. A. (2025) · Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.47760/cognizance.2025.v05i05.046
Additional file 1 of Culturally adapted psychosocial interventions (CaPSI) for early psychosis in a low-resource setting: study protocol for a large multi-center RCT
Husain, M. O., Khoso, A. B., Kiran, T., Chaudhry, N., Husain, M. I., Asif, M., Ansari, M., Rajput, A. H., Dawood, S., Naqvi, H., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597825
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Culturally adapted motivational interviewing with cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorder in Pakistan (CAMAIB): protocol for a feasibility factorial randomised controlled trial
Asif, M., Khoso, A. B., Husain, M., Shahzad, S., Van Hout, M.-C., Rafiq, N.-U.-Z., Lane, S., Chaudhry, I. B., & Husain, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26584416
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Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and First Nations Population: A Role for Nurses?
Batterbee, R., Doyle, A. K., Arii, K. T., & Hungerford, C. L. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70290
“Globally, the structured and individualised approach to CBT has been adapted for diverse populations, including First Nations communities (Bennett-Levy et al. 2015; Jameel et al. 2022; Naeem et al. 2015; Shea et al. 2012) with good effect (Sorenson and Harrell 2021).”
A systematic review and thematic synthesis of Muslims’ perceptions and experiences of accessing mental health services
Elashry, F., Digman, C., & Hammad, J. (2026) · Geopsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.geopsy.2026.100111

FC6B AN OVERVIEW OF CBT AS A PREVENTATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOSIS
French, P. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(06)70178-5
Pilot randomised controlled trial of culturally adapted cognitive behavior therapy for psychosis (CaCBTp) in Pakistan
Husain, M. O., Chaudhry, I. B., Mehmood, N., Rehman, R. U., Kazmi, A., Hamirani, M. M., Kiran, T., Khoso, A. B., Bassett, P., Husain, M. I., et al. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2740-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Feasibility study of culturally adapted cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis in Pakistan
Husain, N., Mehmood, N., Husain, M. O., Kiran, T., Naeem, F., & Chaudhry, I. B. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2144 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Preliminary evaluation of culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CA-CBTp): findings from developing culturally-sensitive CBT project (DCCP)
Habib, N., Dawood, S., Kingdon, D., & Naeem, F. (2015) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000829 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Culturally adapted psychosocial interventions (CaPSI) for early psychosis in a low-resource setting: study protocol for a large multi-center RCT
Husain, M. O., Khoso, A. B., Kiran, T., Chaudhry, N., Husain, M. I., Asif, M., Ansari, M., Rajput, A. H., Dawood, S., Naqvi, H., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04904-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Naeem, F., Saeed, S., Irfan, M., Kiran, T., Mehmood, N., Gul, M., Munshi, T., Ahmad, S., Kazmi, A., Husain, N., Farooq, S., Ayub, M., & Kingdon, D.
Affiliations: Queen's University (CA)
Pakistan Association of Cognitive Therapists (PK)
Pakistan Institute of Learning and Living (PK)
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (PK)
Abbasi Shaheed Hospital (PK)
University of Manchester (GB)
University of Staffordshire (GB)
Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Naeem, Farooq
ORCID: Naeem, Farooq
Irfan, Muhammad
Kiran, Tayyeba
Mehmood, Nasir
Munshi, Tariq
Ahmad, Sohail
Husain, Nusrat
Farooq, Saeed
Ayub, Muhammad
Kingdon, David
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-05
Volume: 164
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 143-148
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.015
OpenAlex: W1972761922
Cited by: 96
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 9.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Pakistan Association Of Cognitive Behavior Therapists
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: psychosis
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Delusions, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, Poverty, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Culturally Competent Care

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Brief culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CaCBTp): A randomized controlled trial from a low income country

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