Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions
Abstract
During 2001, 76 water samples were collected upstream and downstream of select towns and cities in Iowa during high-, normal- and low-flow conditions to determine the contribution of urban centers to concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in streams under varying flow conditions. The towns ranged in population from approximately 2000 to 200,000. Overall, one or more OWCs were detected in 98.7% of the samples collected, with 62 of the 105 compounds being found. The most frequently detected compounds were metolachlor (pesticide), cholesterol (plant and animal sterol), caffeine (stimulant), beta-sitosterol (plant sterol) and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (caffeine degradate). The number of OWCs detected decreased as streamflow increased from low- (51 compounds detected) to normal- (28) to high-flow (24) conditions. Antibiotics and other prescription drugs were only frequently detected during low-flow conditions. During low-flow conditions, 15 compounds (out of the 23) and ten compound groups (out of 11) detected in more than 10% of the streams sampled had significantly greater concentrations in samples collected downstream than in those collected upstream of the urban centers. Conversely, no significant differences in the concentrations were found during high-flow conditions. Thus, the urban contribution of OWCs to streams became progressively muted as streamflow increased.
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Such observations are typical for effluent-dominated or -influenced streams during low-flow conditions.
“Such observations are typical for effluent-dominated or -influenced streams during low-flow conditions.51−53”
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- Authors
- KOLPIN, D., SKOPEC, M., MEYER, M., FURLONG, E., & ZAUGG, S.
- Affiliations
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Iowa Geological Survey (US)
- Corresponding author
- KOLPIN, D
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-07-26
- Volume
- 328
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 119-130
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980686360
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 31.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Keywords
- pharmaceuticals, urban rivers, urban runoff, metolachlor, cholesterol, β-sitosterol, caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, antibiotics, prescription drugs, Iowa streams
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Cities, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Environmental Monitoring, Iowa, Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Rivers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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