High levels of fluoroalkyl substances and potential disruption of thyroid hormones in three gull species from South Western France
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Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) raised increasing concerns over the past years due to their persistence and global distribution. Understanding their occurrence in the environment and their disruptive effect on the physiology of humans and wildlife remains a major challenge in ecotoxicological studies. Here, we investigate the occurrence of several carboxylic and sulfonic PFAS in 105 individuals of three seabird species (27 great black-backed gull Larus marinus; 44 lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus graellsii; and 34 European herring gull Larus argentatus) from South western France. We further estimated the relationship between plasma concentrations of PFAS and i) the body condition of the birds and ii) plasma concentrations of thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (TT3). We found that great and lesser black-backed gulls from South Western France are exposed to PFAS levels comparable to highly contaminated species from other geographical areas, although major emission sources (i.e. related to industrial activities) are absent in the region. We additionally found that PFAS are negatively associated with the body condition of the birds in two of the studied species, and that these results are sex-dependent. Finally, we found positive associations between exposure to PFAS and TT3 in the great black-backed gull, suggesting a potential disrupting mechanism of PFAS exposure. Although only three years of data have been collected, we investigated PFAS trend over the study period, and found that great black-backed gulls document an increasing trend of plasma PFAS concentration from 2016 to 2018. Because PFAS might have detrimental effects on birds, French seabird populations should be monitored since an increase of PFAS exposure may impact on population viability both in the short- and long-term.
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PFAS exposure is associated with endocrine disruption affecting thyroid, sex hormones, and cortisol levels, with high risk and long-term hormonal imbalance.
“| Endocrine Disruption | Affects thyroid, sex hormones, cortisol levels. | High | Both | Long-term hormonal imbalance | [221,222] |”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [221]
The Discussion reports associations between PFAS exposure and thyroid hormone levels in gulls, while cautioning that the results do not establish causation. The Introduction also reports an association with corticosterone in seabirds, but corticosterone is not cortisol. The cited passages do not support effects on sex hormone levels or characterize the risk as high or the imbalance as long-term; differences between male and female birds are not evidence of altered sex hormones. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Zhang, J.-E., Xie, Y., Zhang, J.-R., Ye, M., Diao, J.-Y., Wang, J., Sun, Q.-P., & Wang, T.-Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1380232 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, D., Feng, K., Cheng, J., Chu, J., Liu, Y., & Sun, J. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138764 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Serafini, P. P., Dias, V. H. V., Lima, D., da Costa, D. M., da Silveira, G. D. E., Geraldo, M. E., Deconto, V. S., Bugoni, L., Bainy, A. C. D., & Lüchmann, K. H. (2026) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119234 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Aminot, Y., Munschy, C., Munoz, G., Sauvé, S., Houde, M., & Solé, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90297-7.00006-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Brady, S., Shuwal, M., Capozzi, S. L., Xia, C., Annis, M. L., Grasman, K. A., & Venier, M. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142797 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Interplay Between Pollution and Avian Influenza Virus in Shorebirds and Waterfowl
Ross, T. A., Zhang, J., Wille, M., Asimakopoulos, A. G., Jaspers, V. L. B., & Klaassen, M. (2025) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-025-01707-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Physiological effects of pollutants are diverse and may include disruption of both endocrine systems (Dietz et al., 2019; Sebastiano et al., 2021) and reproductive function (Dietz et al., 2019), an increase in oxidative stress (Vala-vanidis et al., 2006) and immunomodulation (Castan˜o-Ortiz et al.,…”
Khan, E. A., Greve, M., Russell, I., Ciesielski, T. M., Lundregan, S. L., Jensen, H., Rønning, B., Bones, A. M., Asimakopoulos, A. G., Waugh, C. A., et al. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123443 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jouanneau, W., Boulinier, T., Herzke, D., Nikiforov, V. A., Gabrielsen, G. W., & Chastel, O. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117941 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mercury contamination in gull chicks raised in natural vs. urban habitats
dos Santos, I., Paco Bustamante, A., Brault‐Favrou, M., Domingues, A., Casc˜ao, C. G., de Faria, J. P., Pereira, J. M., Almeida, N., Fernandes, R., Veríssimo, S. N., et al. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118317 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Gulls are opportunistic seabirds used as bioindicators of coastal marine contamination (Distefano et al., 2022; Patier et al., 2024; Sebastiano et al., 2021).”
Impacts of mining pollution on coastal ecosystems: is fish body condition a reliable indicator?
Vilar, C. C., de Andrades, R. C., Guabiroba, H. C., de Oliveira-Filho, R. R., Condini, M. V., Hostim‐Silva, M., & Joyeux, J. (2023) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106070 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…successfully used as an indicator of anthropogenic disturbances on aquatic and terrestrial populations and their ecosystems (e.g., Peig and Green, 2009, 2010; Maceda-Veiga et al., 2014; Sebastiano et al., 2021), our results underscore the importance of testing its utility under different contexts.”
Aune, A. A., Gabrielsen, G. W., Ellis, H. I., & Jenssen, B. M. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120200 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Picone, M., Marangoni, S., Silan, G., Ghirardini, A. V., Piazza, R., & Bonato, T. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126443 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wei, W., Huo, H., Song, X., Wang, D., Huang, H., & Jiang, F. (2025) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.111731 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pacyna-Kuchta, A. D., & Roman, L. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127368 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rozen‐Rechels, D., Lemesle, P., Jouanneau, W., Sebastiano, M., Harris, S. M., Blévin, P., Angelier, F., Gernigon, J., Lemesle, J., Robin, F., et al. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127556 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Contaminantes en aves marinas de Sudamérica, una revisión sistemática
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Tracking early-life PFAS exposure in the Ebro Delta flamingo colony: temporal trends and sources
Dulsat‐Masvidal, M., Oró-Nolla, B., Bertolero, A., & Lacorte, S. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.125035
Lemesle, P., Carravieri, A., Poiriez, G., Batard, R., Blanck, A., Bichet, C., Faggio, G., Fort, J., Gallien, F., Jouanneau, W., et al. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110386
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Fivelstad, M., Marhaug, A. J., Bourgeon, S., Hallanger, I. G., Gabrielsen, G. W., Jenssen, B. M., Harju, M., Herzke, D., Tonning, F., & Collard, F. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129134
Still exposed? DDT and PCB levels in Black-headed Gull eggs collected from the Baltic Sea
Włodarz, M., Habedank, F., & Ornés, A. S. (2026) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-026-15987-7
“Body condition (here-after body mass index, ‘BMI’) was determined with the following formula: BMI = Body mass (g)/[Skull length (mm)] a , where a is the scaling exponent following Peig and Green (2009) and the modification for gulls by Sebastiano et al. (2021).”
- Authors
- Sebastiano, M., Jouanneau, W., Blévin, P., Angelier, F., Parenteau, C., Gernigon, J., Lemesle, J. C., Robin, F., Pardon, P., Budzinski, H., Labadie, P., & Chastel, O.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Sebastiano, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 765
- Pages
- 144611
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3117818554
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- CPER ECONAT
- INSU-EC2CO Ecodyn 2014 Program
- French National Research Agency
- Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d'Oiseaux
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, thyroid hormone disruption, triiodothyronine, black-backed gull, Larus marinus, Larus argentatus, seabirds, body condition, sex differences, plasma concentration, wildlife exposure, southwestern France
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, France, Humans, Thyroid Hormones, Charadriiformes
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