CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 142Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The occurrence, distribution, and risks of PFAS at AFFF-impacted sites in Finland

Open access
Reinikainen, Jussi, Perkola, Noora, Äystö, Lauri, Sorvari, Jaana·2022·Science of The Total Environment
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154237
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprise a wide group of persistent chemicals, whose ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, particularly due to their extensive use for fire suppression in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs), has raised global attention. We evaluated the impacts of PFAS at three firefighting training sites and one industrial site in Finland, to highlight key elements to be considered in the retrospective risk assessment of these chemicals. The site assessments covered the occurrence and distribution of 23 PFAS in multiple environmental matrices, i.e., soil, sediment, surface water, groundwater, and biota, and the subsequent risks to human health and the environment owing to the migration of and exposure to the selected compounds. Our study showed that the extensive use of nowadays restricted or substituted PFAS, particularly PFOS, are still often the predominant compounds detected at AFFF-impacted sites and will continue to cause long-term risks to the environment. The most significant environmental or health risks at these sites are likely to concern aquatic ecosystems, fish consumption or groundwater usage due to the off-site migration of PFAS. Here, even a single fire extinguishing event can be a considerable contributor. We also illustrate that conventional procedures based on simple mass-balance, and exposure models, with a focus on PFOS and other site-specifically relevant PFAS may provide sufficient means to assess the risks. Moreover, we address that despite the exceedance of the very stringent regulatory threshold values issued recently for PFAS, the actual site-specific risks to human health and the environment may remain reasonably low.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154237

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 45 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. 2011, PFOS EQS dossier. Prepared by the Sub-Group on Review of the PrioritySubstances List (under Working Group E of the Common Implementation Startegy for theWater Framework Directive)
  2. 2020, Scientific Opinion on the risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food, EFSA Journal, 18

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–142 of 142

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Reinikainen, J., Perkola, N., Äystö, L., & Sorvari, J.
Affiliations
Finnish Environment Institute (FI)
Corresponding author
Reinikainen, Jussi
ORCID
Venue
Science of The Total Environment
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-07
Volume
829
Pages
154237
ISSN
0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154237
OpenAlex
W4221102463
Cited by
142
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 45 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2
FWCI
8.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Ympäristöministeriö
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
Keywords
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, aqueous film-forming foam, PFOS, environmental contamination, groundwater contamination, aquatic ecosystems, fish consumption risk, exposure assessment, mass balance, Finland
MeSH terms
Animals, Finland, Fluorocarbons, Retrospective Studies, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review