Accumulation of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural plants: A review
Abstract
PFASs are a class of compounds that include perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, some of the most persistent pollutants still allowed - or only partially restricted - in several product fabrications and industrial applications worldwide. PFASs have been shown to interact with blood proteins and are suspected of causing a number of pathological responses, including cancer. Given this threat to living organisms, we carried out a broad review of possible sources of PFASs and their potential accumulation in agricultural plants, from where they can transfer to humans through the food chain. Analysis of the literature indicates a direct correlation between PFAS concentrations in soil and bioaccumulation in plants. Furthermore, plant uptake largely changes with chain length, functional group, plant species and organ. Low accumulations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have been found in peeled potatoes and cereal seeds, while short-chain compounds can accumulate at high levels in leafy vegetables and fruits. Significant variations in PFAS buildup in plants according to soil amendment are also found, suggesting a particular interaction with soil organic matter. Here, we identify a series of challenges that PFASs pose to the development of a safe agriculture for future generations.
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PFASs are taken up via water, soil, and food and persist in organs, leading to long-term accumulation.
“| Toxicokinetics | Uptake Via water, soil, food; persists in organs. | High | Both | Long-term accumulation | [218,219] |”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [218]
In agricultural zones, biosolid-amended soils have been reported to contain PFAS levels as high as 300 μg/kg, which can result in crop uptake and subsequent human exposure.
“In agricultural zones, biosolid-amended soils have been reported to contain PFAS levels as high as 300 µg/kg, which can result in crop uptake and subsequent human exposure [37].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
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“Documentation of agricultural crop (Ghisi et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020) and groundwater (Navarro et al., 2018; Pepper et al., 2023) contamination related to land application and landfill releases (Ahrens et al., 2011; Harrad et al., 2020) have placed pressure on these methods of sludge and…”
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- Authors
- Ghisi, R., Vamerali, T., & Manzetti, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Ghisi, Rossella
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 169
- Pages
- 326-341
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2899170331
- Cited by
- 705
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 19
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Padua's (BIRD165880/16)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFAS bioaccumulation, cultivated plants, trophic transfer, soil contamination, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, chain length effects, soil amendment, soil organic matter, leafy vegetables, cereal seeds, potato, food safety
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Plants, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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