Fractionation and tidal characteristics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the estuarine maximum turbidity zone
Abstract
Complex tidal processes and suspended particulate matter (SPM) behavior influence the land-sea transport of terrestrial contaminants in estuaries. Contaminants are generally trapped within the estuarine maximum turbidity zone (MTZ), where SPM concentrations peak, misleading flux estimation. Here, we conducted high-resolution continuous sampling over two tidal cycles within the MTZ of a semidiurnal estuary. Tidal variations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of persistent organic pollutants, were analyzed in dissolved water and size-fractionated SPM. Results showed that variations in dissolved PFAS may related to the mixing of upstream and downstream. The predominant size range for SPM was found in 1-31 μm (75 %, mainly 10-31 μm), but the PFAS tended to be sorbed by 0.22-1 μm (60 %) and > 31 μm (37 %) fractions. Except during periods of sediment resuspension when particulate PFAS concentration decreased, the PFAS concentration in the 1-31 μm increased during flood tides and decreased during ebb tides, which may not be related to organic carbon/elemental carbon levels. The hourly dynamic flux of dissolved-phase and particulate-phase PFAS transport to the sea in the MTZ was calculated by combining it with a hydrodynamic model. This study first highlights the size-fractionated PFAS transport under tidal influences and provides hourly flux estimation with a hydrodynamic model.
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Tidal exchange can reduce dissolved PFAS concentrations through seawater intrusion during flood tide conditions and salinity-driven sorption processes.
“Tidal exchange can reduce dissolved PFAS concentrations through seawater intrusion during flood tide conditions and salinity-driven sorption processes.54,56”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water and Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Gulf Coast Watershed: A Year-long Spatiotemporal Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
In the Jiulong River estuary, PFAS fluxes were inconsistent and varied by analyte.
“while in the Jiulong River estuary, PFAS fluxes were inconsistent and varied by analyte.20,56”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water and Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Gulf Coast Watershed: A Year-long Spatiotemporal Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
In Victoria, Australia, PFAS concentrations had a clear inverse relationship with tidal height.
“PFAS concentrations in Victoria, Australia had a clear, inverse relationship with tidal height”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water and Fluvial Sediments of a Rural Gulf Coast Watershed: A Year-long Spatiotemporal Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Liu, C., Ma, X.-X., Wang, S.-Q., Li, Q., Cheng, P., Hou, W., Li, Y.-Y., Li, W.-L., & Wang, X.-H.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Anhui Agricultural University (CN)
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-12
- Volume
- 957
- Pages
- 177646
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4404607947
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, suspended particulate matter, tidal dynamics, sediment resuspension, hydrodynamic modeling, organic carbon
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