Physiological role of autophagy as an intracellular recycling system: with an emphasis on nutrient metabolism.
Abstract
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system in which the cytoplasmic contents are degraded in the lysosome. Its fundamental and evolutionarily conserved role is adaptation to starvation. Recent studies using autophagy-defective mutants of various organisms including mammals have indeed demonstrated the importance of autophagy during starvation; however, the exact mechanism underlying this beneficial effect remains unclear. In addition, it is now apparent that autophagy is also important for cellular homeostasis even under non-starvation conditions, and both non-selective and selective types of autophagy appear to be critical for this function. Here, we discuss the role of this catabolic pathway in recycling intracellular components, with particular reference to nutrient metabolism.
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The autophagy process is promoted when cells are cultured under starved conditions without amino acids.
“the autophagy process is promoted when cells are cultured under starved conditions without amino acids in the culture medium (Kuma and Mizushima, 2010).”
From Proteasome dysfunction induces muscle growth defects and protein aggregation (2014) · cites this paper as Kuma and Mizushima, 2010
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“After the fusion of the outer membrane with lysosomes, the inner membrane and the cargo are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes and then its constituents are recycled (Gozuacik and Kimchi, 2007; Kuma and Mizushima, 2010).”
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“This vesicle is called an autophagosome and when fused with the lysosome it becomes an autolysosome containing all the hydrolytic enzymes needed to break down its contents (4).”
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“However, autophagy is also an intracellular bulk degradation process whereby cytoplasm proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled through lysosomes (Kuma and Mizushima, 2010; Matsui et al., 2008; Tettamanti et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora as a genetic model to study fruiting body development.
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“It is a lysosome/vacuole-dependent degradation process for the recycling of macromolecular building blocks and the removal of surplus, aberrant, or defective cell constituents (Kuma & Mizushima, 2010).”
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“The sequestered cargo is degraded by lysosomal acid hydrolases into monomeric constituents that are exported across the lysosomal membrane to the cytosol for re-use during cellular renovation and macromolecules turnover (22).”
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“…acidic hydrolases), whose catabolic activity is triggered by the activation of H+ pumps, which lowers the pH of the lysosomal lumen(Kroemer et al., 2010) Lysosomal permeases eventually promote the cytosolic export of the product of this degradation for potential reuse(Kuma and Mizushima, 2010).”
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“The process involves the formation of vesicles, called autophagosomes, which capture and deliver protein aggregates and damaged organelles to lysosomes for degradation (41, 42).”
Background
- Authors
- Kuma, A., & Mizushima, N.
- Affiliations
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Mizushima, Noboru
- Venue
- Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 683-690
- ISSN
- 1084-9521 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062922078
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 12.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Korea Toray Science Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- autophagy, nutrient metabolism, starvation adaptation, lysosomal degradation, selective autophagy, cellular homeostasis, catabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Cell Physiological Phenomena, Humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Starvation, Metabolic Networks and Pathways
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