Chemical characterization and evaluation of the neuroprotective potential of Indigofera sessiliflora through in-silico studies and behavioral tests in scopolamine-induced memory compromised rats
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In the current study, we investigated the phytochemical and neuropharmacological potential of Indigofera sessiliflora, an indigenous least characterized plant widely distributed in deserted areas of Pakistan. The crude extract of the whole plant Indigofera sessiliflora (IS.CR) was preliminary tested in-vitro for the existence of polyphenol content, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential followed by detailed chemical characterization through UHPLC-MS. Rats administered with different doses of IS.CR (100–300 mg/kg) for the duration of 4-weeks were behaviorally tested for anxiety and cognition followed by biochemical evaluation of dissected brain. The in-silico studies were employed to predict the blood–brain barrier crossing tendencies of secondary metabolites with the elucidation of the target binding site. The in-vitro assays revealed ample phenols and flavonoids content in IS.CR with adequate anti-oxidant and anticholinesterase potential. The dose-dependent anxiolytic potential of IS.CR was demonstrated in open field (OFT), light/dark (L/D) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests as animals spent more time in open, illuminated and elevated zones (P < 0.05). In the behavioral tests for learning/memory, the IS.CR reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits, as animals showed better (P < 0.05) spontaneous alternation and discrimination index in y-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Similarly, as compared to amnesic rats, the step-through latencies were increased (P < 0.05) and escape latencies were decreased (P < 0.05) in passive avoidance (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests, respectively. Biochemical analysis of rat brains showed significant reduction in malondialdehyde and acetylcholinesterase levels, alongwith preservation of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. The docking studies further portrayed a possible interaction of detected phytoconstituents with acetylcholinesterase target. The results of the study show valuable therapeutic potential of phytoconstituents present in IS.CR to correct the neurological disarrays which might be through antioxidant activity or via modulation of GABAergic and cholinergic systems by artocommunol, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin and 6E,9E-octadecadienoic acid.
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Extracts from Nepeta nuda, Indigofera sessiliflora, Dendropanax morbifera, Pinus densiflora, Dichrocephala integrifolia, Alnus rugosa, Salvia moorcroftiana, and Sanguisorba minor reduced AChE activity and enhanced cognitive function in scopolamine-induced memory impairment models.
“Other studies on plant extracts like Nepeta nuda, Indigofera sessiliflora, Dendropanax morbifera, Pinus densiflora, Dichrocephala integrifolia, Alnus rugosa, Salvia moorcroftiana, and Sanguisorba minor have similarly reported reduced AChE activity and enhanced cognitive function in SCO-induced memory impairment models [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].”
From Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants and Their Potential in Alzheimer’s Treatment: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
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Hassan, A., Usman, H., Ashraf, W., Alqahtani, F., Javaid, S., Siddique, F., Rasool, M. F., Imran, I., Ahmad, T., Rahman, A. M. A., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21234 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aleem, A., Shahnaz, S., Javaid, S., Ashraf, W., Rasool, M. F., Ahmad, T., Alotaibi, A. F., Albeshri, K. S., Alqahtani, F., & Imran, I. (2022) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khurm, M., Guo, Y., Wu, Q., Zhang, X., Ghori, M. U., Rasool, M. F., Imran, I., Saqib, F., Wahid, M., & Guo, Z. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13070794 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Teralı, K., Özbeyli, D., Hanoğlu, D. Y., Başer, K. H. C., Şener, G., & Aykaç, A. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3507 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kazeem, M. I., Abdulsalam, R. A., Mellem, J. J., & Sabiu, S. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106355 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cognition Enhancing Potential of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Amaranthus dubius in Mice
Kipkemoi, D. J., Ireri, A. M., & Ngugi, M. P. (2023) · Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2515690x231211661 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Perveen, S., Jabeen, A., Shafiullah, Minhas, L. A., Hussain, D., Kaleem, M., & Mumtaz, A. S. (2025) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-025-02066-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Abbas, S., Parveen, A., Ashraf, W., Anjum, S. M. M., Mushtaq, R. M. Z., Alqahtani, F., & Imran, I. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.70075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Khan, H., Javaid, S., Ashraf, W., Siddique, F., Bibi, M., Ahmad, T., Gill, M. S. A., Abrar, A., Alqahtani, F., & Imran, I. (2025) · Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1155/jt/3997995 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Piracetam And Citicoline Effect on The General Anesthesia Animals Model
Radeef, A. M., Wadday, A. S., Obayes, A. K., Mohammed, A. S. A., Al-Hasan, B. A., & Bustani, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results · doi:10.47750/pnr.2022.13.03.039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saghir, K. A., Rahman, H. M. A., Haider, M. S., & Imran, I. (2022) · Phytopharmacological communications. · doi:10.55627/ppc.002.02.0148 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Majeed, M., Khan, A., Saleem, S., Zaman, W., Ali, H. E., Khan, M. S., Alrefaei, A. F., & Mahmood, N. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34359-8
- Authors
- Sajjad Haider, M., Ashraf, W., Javaid, S., Fawad Rasool, M., Muhammad Abdur Rahman, H., Saleem, H., Muhammad Muneeb Anjum, S., Siddique, F., Morales-Bayuelo, A., Kaya, S., Alqahtani, F., Alasmari, F., & Imran, I.
- Affiliations
- Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (PK)
- King Saud University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Alqahtani, Faleh
- Imran, Imran
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4384-4398
- ISSN
- 1319-562X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8325032
- OpenAlex
- W3153364976
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- King Saud University (RSP-2020/131)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- neuroprotection, scopolamine-induced amnesia, anxiolytic effects, antioxidant activity, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, polyphenols, flavonoids, molecular docking, GABAergic system, cholinergic system, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin
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