Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease

Markesbery, William R.

doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00629-6

Cited by 2,383Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease

Markesbery, William R.·1997·Free Radical Biology and Medicine

DOI 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00629-6

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Abstract

The major hurdle in understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lack of knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of selective neuron death. In recent years, considerable data have accrued indicating that the brain in AD is under increased oxidative stress and this may have a role in the pathogenesis of neuron degeneration and death in this disorder. The direct evidence supporting increased oxidative stress in AD is: (1) increased brain Fe, Al, and Hg in AD, capable of stimulating free radical generation; (2) increased lipid peroxidation and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids in the AD brain, and increased 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehyde product of lipid peroxidation in AD ventricular fluid; (3) increased protein and DNA oxidation in the AD brain; (4) diminished energy metabolism and decreased cytochrome c oxidase in the brain in AD; (5) advanced glycation end products (AGE), malondialdehyde, carbonyls, peroxynitrite, heme oxygenase-1 and SOD-1 in neurofibrillary tangles and AGE, heme oxygenase-1, SOD-1 in senile plaques; and (6) studies showing that amyloid beta peptide is capable of generating free radicals. Supporting indirect evidence comes from a variety of in vitro studies showing that free radicals are capable of mediating neuron degeneration and death. Overall, these studies indicate that free radicals are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of neuron death in AD. Because tissue injury itself can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, it is not known whether this is a primary or secondary event. Even if free radical generation is secondary to other initiating causes, they are deleterious and part of a cascade of events that can lead to neuron death, suggesting that therapeutic efforts aimed at removal of ROS or prevention of their formation may be beneficial in AD.

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Alzheimer's disease is perpetually accompanied by elevated oxidative cellular stress in the brain, yielded by elevated production of free radicals, reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid, elevated protein and DNA oxidation, elevated lipid peroxidation, and aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-beta.
“In fact, a vast amount of evidence indicates that AD is perpetually accompanied by elevated oxidative cellular stress in the brain, yielded by the elevated production of free radicals, reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid, elevated protein and DNA oxidation, elevated lipid peroxidation, and the aggregation and accumulation of Aβ, which cause oxidative stress [28].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The oxidative stress hypothesis can be applied to other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, where accumulation of oxidative damage over time leads to late-life onset and progressive nature.
“The oxidative stress hypothesis can be applied to other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) where the accumulation of oxidative damage over time leads to the late life onset and to the progressive nature of these diseases [29].”
From Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Decreased levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and the phospholipid precursors choline and ethanolamine have been described in Alzheimer's disease and are considered specific for the pathogenic mechanism of AD; the depletion is referred to increased ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation.
“Decreased levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and the phospholipid precursors, choline and ethanolamine, have been described in AD and are considered specific for the pathogenic mechanism of AD. The depletion of phospholipids in AD has been referred to an increase of ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation [29].”
From Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Protein oxidation, nucleic acid oxidation, and lipid peroxidation are markers of oxidative stress described as early alterations in the Alzheimer's disease brain, supporting the oxidative stress hypothesis of AD pathogenesis.
“All of these markers of OS have been described as an early alteration in the AD brain, and this concept has been used in the past to support the ‘oxidative stress hypothesis’ in the pathogenesis of AD [20,28,29,30].”
From Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery (2021) · cites this paper as [29]

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Hajimohammadreza, I., & Brammer, M. J. (1990) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(90)90226-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ceruloplasmin levels in the human superior temporal gyrus in aging and Alzheimer's disease
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Morphometric Analysis of Microglia in Alzheimerʼs Disease
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Induction of Superoxide Anion and Nitric Oxide Production in Cultured Microgliaa
Colton, C. A., Snell, J. C., Chernyshev, O. N., & Gilbert, D. L. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21789.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations of free radical-induced alterations in neocortical synaptosomal membrane protein infrastructure
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The Roles of Dopamine Oxidative Stress and Dopamine Receptor Signaling in Aging and Age-Related Neurodegeneration
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In Vitro31P NMR Spectroscopy Detects Altered Phospholipid Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease
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Brain aluminum in Alzheimer's disease using an improved GFAAS method.
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Molecular Genetics of Alzheimer Disease
George‐Hyslop, P. S. (1999) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1040852 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neurobiology
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Neurotrophic factor mediated protection from excitotoxicity and disturbances in calcium and free radical metabolism
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Aluminosilicate-lnduced Free Radical Generation by Murine Brain Glial Cells in vitro: Potential Significance in the Aetiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Dementia
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Concentrations of several proteins characteristic of nervous tissue in cerebral cortex of patients with alzheimer’s disease
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Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease
Pacher, P., Beckman, J. S., & Liaudet, L. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006 · Cited by 6,390 · see citing works
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514 · see citing works
The Free Radical Theory of Aging Matures
BECKMAN, K. B., & AMES, B. N. (1998) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.2.547 · Cited by 3,879 · see citing works
Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm.
Baynes, J. W., & Thorpe, S. R. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1 · Cited by 2,441 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer’s disease
Cheignon, C., Tomas, M., Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., Faller, P., Hureau, C., & Collin, F. (2018) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.014 · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques
Lovell, M. A., Robertson, J. D., Teesdale, W. J., Campbell, J. L., & Markesbery, W. R. (1998) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00092-6 · Cited by 2,120 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intracellular amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease
LaFerla, F. M., Green, K. N., & Oddo, S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2168 · Cited by 1,942 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress, Synaptic Dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Tönnies, E., & Trushina, E. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161088 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Role of Free Radicals in the Neurodegenerative Diseases: Therapeutic Implications for Antioxidant Treatment
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A Review of the Antioxidant Mechanisms of Polyphenol Compounds Related to Iron Binding
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Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases
Nandi, A., Yan, L.-J., Jana, C. K., & Das, N. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/9613090 · Cited by 1,185 · see citing works
Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies.
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Xia, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, L. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain: central role for amyloid β-peptide
Butterfield, D. A., Drake, J., Pocernich, C., & Castegna, A. (2001) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02173-6 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
The role of collagen in bone strength
Viguet-Carrin, S., Garnero, P., & Delmas, P. D. (2006) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-005-2035-9 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease
HUANG, W.-J., ZHANG, X., & CHEN, W.-W. (2016) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2016.630 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Age-related myelin breakdown: a developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease
Bartzokis, G. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.03.001 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Amyloid β-peptide (1-42)-induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity: Implications for Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. A Review
Allan Butterfield, D. (2002) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/1071576021000049890 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Aβ: a potential focal point for neuronal metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
Caspersen, C., Wang, N., Yao, J., Sosunov, A., Chen, X., Lustbader, J. W., Xu, H. W., Stern, D., McKhann, G., & Du Yan, S. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-3735fje · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Review: Alzheimer's Amyloid β-Peptide-Associated Free Radical Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity
Varadarajan, S., Yatin, S., Aksenova, M., & Butterfield, D. A. (2000) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1006/jsbi.2000.4274 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Four-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation, is increased in the brain in Alzheimer's disease
Markesbery, W. R., & Lovell, M. A. (1998) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00009-8 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Self-citation
NOX4 promotes ferroptosis of astrocytes by oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation via the impairment of mitochondrial metabolism in Alzheimer’s diseases
Park, M. W., Cha, H. W., Kim, J., Kim, J. H., Yang, H., Yoon, S., Boonpraman, N., Yi, S. S., Yoo, I. D., & Moon, J.-S. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101947 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
“Oxidative stress is characterized by the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and imbalance of Ca2+ homeostasis [9,10].”
Background
The redox chemistry of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid β peptide
Smith, D. G., Cappai, R., & Barnham, K. J. (2007) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.002 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease: a reappraisal
Praticò, D. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.09.001 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment
Luchsinger, J. A., Reitz, C., Patel, B., Tang, M.-X., Manly, J. J., & Mayeux, R. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.4.570 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Part I: Creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1
Castegna, A., Aksenov, M., Aksenova, M., Thongboonkerd, V., Klein, J. B., Pierce, W. M., Booze, R., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00914-0 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citation
Microglial cell dysregulation in brain aging and neurodegeneration
von Bernhardi, R., Eugenín-von Bernhardi, L., & Eugenín, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00124 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases
Kell, D. B. (2009) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Roles of amyloid β-peptide-associated oxidative stress and brain protein modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
Butterfield, D. A., Reed, T., Newman, S. F., & Sultana, R. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.037 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment
Keller, J. N., Schmitt, F. A., Scheff, S. W., Ding, Q., Chen, Q., Butterfield, D. A., & Markesbery, W. R. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000156156.13641.ba · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citation
Amyloid β -Peptide (1–42)-Induced Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease: Importance in Disease Pathogenesis and Progression
Butterfield, D. A., Swomley, A. M., & Sultana, R. (2013) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.5027 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications
Youdim, K. A., Martin, A., & Joseph, J. A. (2000) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00013-7 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Lipid peroxidation triggers neurodegeneration: A redox proteomics view into the Alzheimer disease brain
Sultana, R., Perluigi, M., & Butterfield, D. A. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.027 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine1
WANG, R., YAN, H., & TANG, X.-C. (2006) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00255.x · Cited by 470 · see citing works
The glial glutamate transporter, GLT‐1, is oxidatively modified by 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal in the Alzheimer's disease brain: the role of Aβ1–42
Lauderback, C. M., Hackett, J. M., Huang, F. F., Keller, J. N., Szweda, L. I., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00451.x · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citation
Redox‐Active Metals, Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer's Disease Pathology
HUANG, X., MOIR, R. D., TANZI, R. E., BUSH, A. I., & ROGERS, J. T. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1306.012 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Essential Fatty Acids and the Brain
Haag, M. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800308 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging
Garatachea, N., Pareja-Galeano, H., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Santos-Lozano, A., Fiuza-Luces, C., Morán, M., Emanuele, E., Joyner, M. J., & Lucia, A. (2015) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1623 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes for development of Alzheimer disease: A key role for oxidative stress in brain
Butterfield, D. A., Di Domenico, F., & Barone, E. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.010 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Increased F 2 ‐isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo
Pratico, D., Lee, V. M.-Y., Trojanowski, J. Q., Rokach, J., & Fitzgerald, G. A. (1998) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.12.15.1777 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Depression, anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of social stress
Patki, G., Solanki, N., Atrooz, F., Allam, F., & Salim, S. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.033 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified hippocampal proteins in mild cognitive impairment: Insights into the development of Alzheimer's disease
Butterfield, D. A., Poon, H. F., St. Clair, D., Keller, J. N., Pierce, W. M., Klein, J. B., & Markesbery, W. R. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.11.002 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citation
Oxidative stress precedes fibrillar deposition of Alzheimer's disease amyloid β-peptide (1–42) in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model
Drake, J. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00225-7 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer’s disease brain using a redox proteomics approach
Sultana, R., Poon, H. F., Cai, J., Pierce, W. M., Merchant, M., Klein, J. B., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.10.004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citation
Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples
Kell, D. B. (2010) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non‐psychoactive component fromCannabis sativa, on β‐amyloid‐induced toxicity in PC12 cells
Iuvone, T., Esposito, G., Esposito, R., Santamaria, R., Di Rosa, M., & Izzo, A. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2003.02327.x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase (ATP synthase) activities in platelets and brain from patients with Alzheimer’s disease
Bosetti, F. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00314-1 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Modification of ion homeostasis by lipid peroxidation: roles in neuronal degeneration and adaptive plasticity
Mattson, M. P. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01188-0 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Abnormalities of mitochondrial enzymes in Alzheimer disease
Gibson, G. E., Sheu, K.-F. R., & Blass, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s007020050099 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Changes in Intracellular Calcium and Glutathione in Astrocytes as the Primary Mechanism of Amyloid Neurotoxicity
Abramov, A. Y., Canevari, L., & Duchen, M. R. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-12-05088.2003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer’s disease and potential therapeutic strategies
Sharma, P., Srivastava, P., Seth, A., Tripathi, P. N., Banerjee, A. G., & Shrivastava, S. K. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.006 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Recent development of multifunctional agents as potential drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Guzior, N., Wi.eckowska, A., Panek, D., & Malawska, B. (2014) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867321666141106122628 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Potential role of dietary flavonoids in reducing microvascular endothelium vulnerability to oxidative and inflammatory insults ☆ ☆Mention of trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee by the US Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.
Youdim, K. A., McDonald, J., Kalt, W., & Joseph, J. A. (2002) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00221-2 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Iron (III) induces aggregation of hyperphosphorylated τ and its reduction to iron (II) reverses the aggregation: implications in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease
Yamamoto, A., Shin, R., Hasegawa, K., Naiki, H., Sato, H., Yoshimasu, F., & Kitamoto, T. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.t01-1-01061.x · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Role of hippocampal oxidative stress in memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation in mice
Silva, R. H., Abílio, V. C., Takatsu, A. L., Kameda, S. R., Grassl, C., Chehin, A. B., Medrano, W. A., Calzavara, M. B., Registro, S., Andersen, M. L., et al. (2004) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2003.11.032 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Time sequence of maturation of dystrophic neurites associated with Aβ deposits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Blanchard, V., Moussaoui, S., Czech, C., Touchet, N., Bonici, B., Planche, M., Canton, T., Jedidi, I., Gohin, M., Wirths, O., et al. (2003) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00252-8 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Nutrition, Brain Aging, and Neurodegeneration: Table 1.
Joseph, J., Cole, G., Head, E., & Ingram, D. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3520-09.2009 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer's Disease
Moulton, P. V., & Yang, W. (2012) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2012/472751 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Increased oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mild cognitive impairment
Wang, J., Markesbery, W. R., & Lovell, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03615.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citation
Redox proteomic identification of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified brain proteins in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Insight into the role of lipid peroxidation in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Reed, T., Perluigi, M., Sultana, R., Pierce, W. M., Klein, J. B., Turner, D. M., Coccia, R., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2008) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.007 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citation
Role of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease and other selected age-related neurodegenerative disorders
Di Domenico, F., Tramutola, A., & Butterfield, D. A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.490 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats
Veerendra Kumar, M., & Gupta, Y. (2003) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03842.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Protective effects of idebenone and α‐tocopherol on β‐amyloid‐(1–42)‐induced learning and memory deficits in rats: implication of oxidative stress in β‐amyloid‐induced neurotoxicity in vivo
Yamada, K., Tanaka, T., Han, D., Senzaki, K., Kameyama, T., & Nabeshima, T. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00408.x · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Natural Products for Alzheimer’s Disease
Chen, X., Drew, J., Berney, W., & Lei, W. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061309 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Mid-life smoking and late-life dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
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Authors: Markesbery, W. R.
Corresponding author: Markesbery, William R.
Venue: Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 134-147
ISSN: 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00629-6
OpenAlex: W2049192526
Cited by: 2,383
References: 207
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 110 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 96
FWCI: 9.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (P50AG005144, P01AG005119)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, neuronal cell death, lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxynonenal, protein oxidation, DNA oxidation, advanced glycation end products, heme oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase 1, amyloid-beta, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, energy metabolism, cytochrome c oxidase, metal ions
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Antioxidants, DNA Damage, Free Radicals, Humans, Neurons, Lipid Peroxidation, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Cell Death, Oxidative Stress

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