The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sleep changes in the disorder of insomnia: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies
Abstract
Insomnia is a highly prevalent health problem worldwide. Primary insomnia (PI), i.e., insomnia not due to another disorder or substance use, represents a model to elucidate the pathophysiology of sleep. However, prior research in patients with PI has failed to demonstrate consistent abnormalities in the state-of-the-art assessment of sleep (polysomnography). The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify whether there are identifiable polysomnographic sleep changes that correspond to the subjective complaints of patients with PI. Medline and PsycInfo databases were searched from 1994 to 2012. Effects were calculated as standardized mean differences. Studies were pooled with the random-effects metaanalytic model. Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria. In total, 582 patients with PI and 485 good sleeper controls (GSC) were evaluated. The results showed that patients with PI present a disruption of sleep continuity and a significant reduction of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared to GSC. The observed changes in sleep architecture, i.e., reductions in SWS and REM sleep, hitherto did not count among the typical polysomnographic findings in patients with PI. An advanced knowledge of the polysomnographic changes in PI may add to foster the understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep and its bi-directional relationships with somatic and mental disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Insomnia, however, is characterized by only small objective sleep deficits [68].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“However, subjectively and objectively assessed sleep parameters can differ substantially (26, 327), which must be considered when evaluating sleep.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cites
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700 · Cited by 17,648
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772
(2007) · Cited by 6,530
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
Daroff, R. B. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.1.160 · Cited by 5,023
Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743
Baglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011 · Cited by 2,779
Self-citationThe consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring
Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2012) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1642 · Cited by 2,172
Kushida, C. A., Littner, M. R., Morgenthaler, T., Alessi, C. A., Bailey, D., Coleman, J., Friedman, L., Hirshkowitz, M., Kapen, S., Kramer, M., et al. (2005) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.4.499 · Cited by 2,054
The hyperarousal model of insomnia: A review of the concept and its evidence
Riemann, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M., Perlis, M., & Nissen, C. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002 · Cited by 1,789
Self-citationSleep and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Benca, R. M. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010 · Cited by 1,468
Sex Differences in Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis
Zhang, B., & Wing, Y.-K. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.1.85 · Cited by 1,286
Hyperarousal and insomnia: state of the science
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.002 · Cited by 914
Sleep and emotions: a focus on insomnia
Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007 · Cited by 873
Self-citationFunctional Neuroimaging Evidence for Hyperarousal in Insomnia
Nofzinger, E. A., Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Price, J. C., Miewald, J. M., & Kupfer, D. J. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2126 · Cited by 752
Wilson, S., Nutt, D., Alford, C., Argyropoulos, S., Baldwin, D., Bateson, A., Britton, T., Crowe, C., Dijk, D.-J., Espie, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110379307 · Cited by 634
Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic: Consideration of neurobiological mechanisms
Harvey, A. G., Murray, G., Chandler, R. A., & Soehner, A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.003 · Cited by 609
24-Hour Metabolic Rate in Insomniacs and Matched Normal Sleepers
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1995) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/18.7.581 · Cited by 557
(Mis)perception of Sleep in Insomnia: A Puzzle and a Resolution
Harvey, A. G., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025730 · Cited by 529
Insomnia and the Performance of US Workers: Results from the America Insomnia Survey
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Coulouvrat, C., Hajak, G., Roth, T., Shahly, V., Shillington, A. C., Stephenson, J. J., & Walsh, J. K. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1230 · Cited by 527
REM sleep dysregulation in depression: state of the art
Palagini, L., Baglioni, C., Ciapparelli, A., Gemignani, A., & Riemann, D. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.11.001 · Cited by 513
Self-citationThe Natural History of Insomnia: A Population-Based 3-Year Longitudinal Study
Morin, C. M., Bélanger, L., LeBlanc, M., Ivers, H., Savard, J., Espie, C. A., Mérette, C., Baillargeon, L., & Grégoire, J.-P. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.610 · Cited by 498
Smith, M. T., Huang, M. I., & Manber, R. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.004 · Cited by 453
Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: A meta‐analytic review
Kobayashi, I., Boarts, J. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.537.x · Cited by 435
The Direct and Indirect Costs of Untreated Insomnia in Adults in the United States
Ozminkowski, R. J., Wang, S. S., & Walsh, J. K. (2007) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.3.263 · Cited by 403
Moser, D., Anderer, P., Gruber, G., Parapatics, S., Loretz, E., Boeck, M., Klösch, G., Heller, E., Schmidt, A., Danker‐Hopfe, H., et al. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.2.139 · Cited by 397
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1997) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(97)90012-5 · Cited by 363
Beta EEG activity and insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Merica, H., Smith, M. T., & Giles, D. E. (2001) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0151 · Cited by 353
Spectral characteristics of sleep EEG in chronic insomnia
Merica, H., Blois, R., & Jm, G. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00189.x · Cited by 351
Reisberg, P., & Hertel, P. T. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158564.001.0001 · Cited by 336
Vgontzas, A. N., Zoumakis, M., Papanicolaou, D. A., Bixler, E. O., Prolo, P., Lin, H.-M., Vela-Bueno, A., Kales, A., & Chrousos, G. P. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.33357 · Cited by 329
Sleep and psychiatric disorders
Billiard, M. M., Partinen, M., Roth, T. G., & Shapiro, C. M. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90129-5 · Cited by 278
Nocturnal catecholamines and immune function in insomniacs, depressed patients, and control subjects
Irwin, M., Clark, C., Kennedy, B., Christian Gillin, J., & Ziegler, M. (2003) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00031-x · Cited by 268
REM Sleep Instability – A New Pathway for Insomnia?
Riemann, D. W., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Hirscher, V., Baglioni, C., & Feige, B. (2012) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1299721 · Cited by 254
Self-citationPersonality Patterns in Insomnia
Kales, A. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090118013 · Cited by 246
Edinger, J. D., Fins, A. I., Glenn, D. M., Jr. Sullivan Robert, J., Bastian, L. A., Marsh, G. R., Dailey, D. S., Hope, T. V., Young, M., Shaw, E., et al. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.586 · Cited by 237
Heart rate and heart rate variability in subjectively reported insomnia
Spiegelhalder, K., FUCHS, L., Ladwig, J., Kyle, S. D., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Feige, B., & Riemann, D. W. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00863.x · Cited by 236
Self-citationSleep in Lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Breslau, N., Roth, T. G., Burduvali, E., Kapke, A., Schultz, L. R., & Roehrs, T. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.508 · Cited by 220
FEIGE, B., AL‐SHAJLAWI, A., NISSEN, C., VODERHOLZER, U., HORNYAK, M., SPIEGELHALDER, K., KLOEPFER, C., PERLIS, M., & RIEMANN, D. (2008) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00651.x · Cited by 211
Self-citationA Meta-Analysis of Electroencephalographic Sleep in Depression: Evidence for Genetic Biomarkers
Pillai, V., Kalmbach, D. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.016 · Cited by 210
Lanfranchi, P. A., Pennestri, M.-H., Fradette, L., Dumont, M., Morin, C. M., & Montplaisir, J. (2009) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.6.760 · Cited by 198
First-Night Effect in Normal Subjects and Psychiatric Inpatients
Toussaint, M., Luthringer, R., Schaltenbrand, N., Carelli, G., Lainey, E., Jacqmin, A., Muzet, A. G., & Macher, J.-P. (1995) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/18.6.463 · Cited by 194
Increased EEG sigma and beta power during NREM sleep in primary insomnia
Spiegelhalder, K., Regen, W., Feige, B., Holz, J., Piosczyk, H., Baglioni, C., Riemann, D. W., & Nissen, C. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.009 · Cited by 194
Self-citationChronic Insomnia and Immune Functioning
Savard, J., Laroche, L., Simard, S., Ivers, H., & Morin, C. M. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000033126.22740.f3 · Cited by 190
EEG Spectral Analysis in Primary Insomnia: NREM Period Effects and Sex Differences
Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Hall, M. L., Moul, D. E., Nofzinger, E. A., Begley, A. E., Ehlers, C. L., Thompson, W. K., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.12.1673 · Cited by 185
Sleep EEG Power Spectra, Insomnia, and Chronic Use of Benzodiazepines
Bastien, C., LeBlanc, M., Carrier, J., & Morin, C. M. (2003) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.3.313 · Cited by 182
Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia
Monti, J., & Monti, D. (2005) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260500104516 · Cited by 175
Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography
Rosa, R. R., & Bonnet, M. H. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004 · Cited by 174
Walker, M. P. (2010) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53702-7.00004-x · Cited by 154
McCrae, C. S., Rowe, M., Tierney, C. G., Dautovich, N. D., DeFinis, A. L., & McNamara, J. P. H. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.4.p182 · Cited by 145
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Alters Sleep Stage Transition Dynamics
Bianchi, M. T., Cash, S. S., Mietus, J. E., Peng, C., & THOMAS, R. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011356 · Cited by 141
Insomnia and depression: a multifaceted interplay
Manber, R., & Chambers, A. S. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0066-1 · Cited by 134
Is Chronic Insomnia a Precursor to Major Depression? Epidemiological and Biological Findings
Baglioni, C., & Riemann, D. W. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0308-5 · Cited by 131
Self-citationSleep onset and cardiovascular activity in primary insomnia
de Zambotti, M., Covassin, N., Tona, G. D. M., Sarlo, M., & Stegagno, L. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00871.x · Cited by 127
Hornyak, M., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Philipsen, A., & Riemann, D. W. (2007) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.7.861 · Cited by 126
Self-citationNocturnal plasma melatonin levels in patients suffering from chronic primary insomnia
Hajak, G., Rodenbeck, A., Staedt, J., Bandelow, B., Huether, G., & Rüther, E. (1995) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1995.tb00179.x · Cited by 126
Cognitive neuroscience of creativity: EEG based approaches
Srinivasan, N. (2007) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.12.008 · Cited by 123
Paradoxical insomnia: The role of CAP and arousals in sleep misperception
Parrino, L., Milioli, G., Paolis, F. D., Grassi, A., & Terzano, M. G. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.12.014 · Cited by 116
Response to “Idiopathic hypersomnia: a diagnostic dilemma” (J. Montplaisir and L. Fantini)
Billiard, M. M., & Dauvilliers, Y. A. (2001) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0211 · Cited by 116
The impact of chronic primary insomnia on the heart rate – EEG variability link
Jurysta, F., Lanquart, J. ‐., Sputaels, V., Dumont, M., Migeotte, P., Leistedt, S., Linkowski, P., & van de Borne, P. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.03.019 · Cited by 102
Boland, E. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.001 · Cited by 101
Sleep-related memory consolidation in primary insomnia
Nissen, C., KLOEPFER, C., Feige, B., Piosczyk, H., Spiegelhalder, K., Voderholzer, U., & Riemann, D. W. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00872.x · Cited by 100
Self-citationReverse First Night Effect in Insomnia
Hauri, P., & Olmstead, E. M. (1989) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/12.2.97 · Cited by 99
Psychophysiological reactivity to sleep-related emotional stimuli in primary insomnia
Baglioni, C., Lombardo, C., Bux, E., Hansen, S., Salveta, C., Biello, S., Violani, C., & Espie, C. A. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.008 · Cited by 84
Self-citationCharacterization of the sleep EEG in acutely depressed men using detrended fluctuation analysis
Leistedt, S., Dumont, M., Lanquart, J. ‐., Jurysta, F., & Linkowski, P. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.01.003 · Cited by 80
Staner, L., Cornette, F., Maurice, D., Viardot, G., Bon, O. L., Haba, J., Staner, C., Luthringer, R., Muzet, A. G., & Macher, J. P. (2003) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.0962-1105.2003.00370.x · Cited by 78
Ferri, R., Gschliesser, V., Frauscher, B., Poewe, W. H., & Högl, B. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.006 · Cited by 72
Lopes, M. C., Quera-Salva, M.-A., & Guilleminault, C. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.01.011 · Cited by 68
Edinger, J. D., Glenn, D. M., Bastian, L. A., Marsh, G. R., Daile, D., Hope, T. V., Young, M., Shaw, E., & Meeks, G. (2001) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/24.7.761 · Cited by 67
Forget, D., Morin, C. M., & Bastien, C. H. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1250 · Cited by 67
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for the Management of Insomnia Comorbid with Mental Disorders
Sánchez-Ortuño, M. M., & Edinger, J. D. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0312-9 · Cited by 61
The DSM-V Sleep-Wake Disorders Nosology: An Update and an Invitation to the Sleep Community
Reynolds, C. F., & Redline, S. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.1.10 · Cited by 55
Signs of Insomnia in Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals
Bastien, C., Guimond, S., St-Jean, G., & Lemelin, S. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27283 · Cited by 50
Validity and Clinical Utility of Sleep Laboratory Criteria for Insomnia
Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Kales, A., Manfredi, R. L., & Tyson, K. L. (1994) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459408986015 · Cited by 37
Achermann, P. (2009) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-19935 · Cited by 35
Sforza, E. A., & Haba‐Rubio, J. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.6.805 · Cited by 33
Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Chronic Users of Zopiclone and Drug-Free Insomniacs
Sivertsen, B., Omvik, S., Pallesen, S., Nordhus, I. H., & Bjorvatn, B. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27546 · Cited by 29
Caffeine challenge in insomniac patients after total sleep deprivation☆
Salín-Pascual, R. J., Valencia‐Flores, M., Campos, R. R., CASTANO, A., & Shiromani, P. J. (2006) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.06.008 · Cited by 25
Lushington, K., Dawson, D. E., Kennaway, D. J., & Lack, L. C. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051150 · Cited by 13
[Psychophysiological correlates of primary insomnia].
Niemcewicz, S., Szelenberger, W., Skalski, M., Androsiuk, W., Piotrowski, T., Dm, M., & Moskwa, M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Nissen, C., & Nofzinger, E. A. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203089897-6 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDiagnostic Procedures for Research Synthesis Models
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057065-5.50017-8 · Cited by 6
Cited by
Sorted by citations
European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia
Riemann, D., Baglioni, C., Bassetti, C., Bjorvatn, B., Dolenc Groselj, L., Ellis, J. G., Espie, C. A., Garcia‐Borreguero, D., Gjerstad, M., Gonçalves, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12594 · Cited by 2,049
Self-citationThe Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479
“For example, total sleep time based on diary-based assessment is estimated to be 50 min less compared with PSG-based assessment (25).”
BackgroundMethodSleep and mental disorders: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic research
Baglioni, C., Nanovska, S., Regen, W., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Nissen, C., Reynolds, C. F., & Riemann, D. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000053 · Cited by 1,074
Self-citationAssessment of the cortisol awakening response: Expert consensus guidelines
Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Adam, E. K., Pruessner, J. C., Wüst, S., Dockray, S., Smyth, N., Evans, P., Hellhammer, D. H., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010 · Cited by 967
Sleep, insomnia, and depression
Riemann, D. W., Krone, L. B., Wulff, K., & Nissen, C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0411-y · Cited by 901
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Baglioni, C., Regen, W., Teghen, A., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Nissen, C., & Riemann, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Baglioni, Chiara
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 195-213
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979055237
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- primary insomnia, sleep architecture, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, sleep continuity, polysomnography findings, sleep pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Reference Values, Sleep, Sleep, REM, Polysomnography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
