The Natural History of Insomnia: A Population-Based 3-Year Longitudinal Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite its high prevalence, little information is available about the natural history of insomnia. The extent to which episodes of insomnia will persist or remit over time is difficult to predict. We examined the natural history of insomnia and describe the most common trajectories over 3 years. METHODS: Three hundred eighty-eight adults (mean [SD] age, 44.8 [13.9] years; 61% women) were selected from a larger population-based sample on the basis of the presence of insomnia at baseline. They completed standardized sleep/insomnia questionnaires at 3 annual follow-up assessments. For each follow-up assessment, participants were classified into 1 of 3 groups (individuals with an insomnia syndrome, individuals with insomnia symptoms, and individuals with good sleep) on the basis of algorithms using standard diagnostic criteria for insomnia. Rates of persistent insomnia, remission, and relapse were computed for each group. RESULTS: Of the study sample, 74% reported insomnia for at least 1 year (2 consecutive assessments) and 46% reported insomnia persisting over the entire 3-year study. The course of insomnia was more likely to be persistent in those with more severe insomnia at baseline (ie, insomnia syndrome) and in women and older adults. Remission rate was 54%; however, 27% of those with remission of insomnia eventually experienced relapse. Individuals with subsyndromal insomnia at baseline were 3 times more likely to remit than worsen to syndrome status, although persistence was the most frequent course in that group as well. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that insomnia is often a persistent condition, in particular when it reaches the diagnostic threshold for an insomnia disorder.
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Insomnia is a disorder while 'poor sleep' is a symptom of underlying physical or mental health problems.
“which indicates that insomnia is a disorder while “poor sleep” is a symptom of underlying physical or mental health problems(137, 138, 140).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [138]
Insomnia often persists following resolution of 'primary' conditions and generally does not spontaneously resolve over time if left untreated.
“There is now evidence to suggest that insomnia often persists following resolution of these ‘primary’ conditions, and that it generally does not spontaneously resolve over time if left untreated [5].”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Morin, C. M., Bélanger, L., LeBlanc, M., Ivers, H., Savard, J., Espie, C. A., Mérette, C., Baillargeon, L., & Grégoire, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Université Laval (CA)
- Southern General Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Morin, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-03-09
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 447
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163354325
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 26.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- insomnia, natural history (disease), insomnia symptoms, remission, relapse, persistence, sleep disorders, sex differences, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Remission, Spontaneous, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Disease Progression
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