Mental retirement and health selection: Analyses from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study
Open accessAbstract
Background Research has recently suggested that retirement may decrease cognitive engagement, resulting in cognitive aging. Few studies have systematically documented whether or how selectivity into retirement shapes the relationship between retirement and cognitive aging.Methods We draw on data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2012) to examine the relationship between cognition and retirement for 18,575 labor force participants. Longitudinal regression discontinuity modeling was used to examine performance and decline in episodic memory. Models differentiated three forms of selection bias: indirect and direct selection as well as reverse causation. To further interrogate the disuse hypothesis, we adjust for confounding from health and socioeconomic sources.Results Results revealed that individuals who retired over the course of the panel were substantially different in terms of health, wealth and cognition when compared to those who remained employed. However, accounting for observed selection biases, significant associations were found linking longer retirement with more rapid cognitive decline.Discussion This study examined respondents who were in the labor force at baseline and transitioned into retirement. Analyses suggested that those who retired over the course of the panel had worse overall functioning, but also experienced more rapid declines after retirement that increased the rate of aging by two-fold, resulting in yearly losses of 3.7% (95% CI = [3.5, 4.0]) of one standard deviation in functioning attributable to retirement. Results are supportive of the view that retirement is associated with more rapid cognitive aging.
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Another study found a two-fold increase in episodic memory loss attributable to retirement (n=18,575, mean age 66 years) compared with non-retirees, adjusting for health, age, sex, and wealth.
“Another study found a two-fold increase in episodic memory loss attributable to retirement (n=18 575, mean age 66 years), compared to non-retirees, adjusting for health, age, sex, and wealth.48”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
The Results (Effect Sizes; page unavailable) report that episodic-memory decline was about 2.2 times as fast among retirees as among non-retirees. The Data section gives a sample of 18,575, and the Methods and Results describe adjustment for age, sex, health, and socioeconomic factors. But the reported mean age of 66.3 years is the age at retirement, not a stated mean age for the full sample; the two-fold figure describes the yearly rate of decline, not total memory loss. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Clouston, S. A. P., & Denier, N.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Colby College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clouston, Sean A.P.
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 178
- Pages
- 78-86
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5400287
- OpenAlex
- W2582662467
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 13.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (U01 AG009740, P01 AG043362)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- retirement, cognitive aging, cognitive decline, episodic memory, selection bias, cognitive engagement, reverse causality, older workers, health and retirement
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, Cognitive Dysfunction
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