Retirement and cognition: a life course view
Open accessAbstract
This study examines the relationship between retirement and cognitive aging. We build on previous research by exploring how different specifications of retirement that reflect diverse pathways out of the labor market, including reason for leaving the pre-retirement job and duration spent in retirement, impact three domains of cognitive functioning. We further assess how early-life factors, including adolescent cognition, and mid-life work experiences, condition these relationships. To do so, we draw on longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a cohort study of Wisconsin high school graduates collected prospectively starting in 1957 until most recently in 2011 when individuals were aged 71. Results indicate that retirement, on average, is associated with improved abstract reasoning, but not with verbal memory or verbal fluency. Yet, when accounting for the reason individuals left their pre-retirement job, those who had retired for health reasons had both lower verbal memory and verbal fluency scores and those who had retired voluntarily or for family reasons had improved abstract memory scores. Together, the results suggest that retirement has an inconsistent effect on cognitive aging across cognitive domains and that the conditions surrounding the retirement decision are important to understanding cognitive functioning at older ages.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Those retiring because of ill health had lower verbal memory and fluency scores than those retiring for other reasons.
“Those retiring because of ill health had lower verbal memory and fluency scores than those retiring for other reasons.47”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [47]
The Results and Discussion report lower word recall (verbal memory) and verbal fluency scores among people who retired for health reasons. However, the Results explicitly compare verbal fluency with people who remained working, not with people who retired for other reasons; the claimed comparator is not established. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256 · see citing works
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951 · see citing works
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943 · see citing works
Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition
Juster, R.-P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002 · Cited by 2,565 · see citing works
Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(67)90011-x · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978.
Flynn, J. R. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?
Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C. K., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.14.2.245 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?
Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review
VALENZUELA, M. J., & SACHDEV, P. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006264 · Cited by 932 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…processing capabilities resulting in increased cognitive capacity, often called “cognitive reserve” (Clouston et al., 2012; Glymour, Kawachi, Jencks, & Berkman, 2008; (Glymour, Tzourio, & Dufouil, 2012; Richards & Sacker, 2003; Scarmeas & Stern, 2003; Stern, 2002, 2009; Valenzuela & Sachdev, 2005).”
4. Socioeconomic Indexes for Occupations: A Review, Update, and Critique
Hauser, R. M., & Warren, J. R. (1997) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1111/1467-9531.271028 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., & Shema, S. J. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199712253372606 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle
Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Timing of onset of cognitive decline: results from Whitehall II prospective cohort study
Singh-Manoux, A., Kivimaki, M., Glymour, M. M., Elbaz, A., Berr, C., Ebmeier, K. P., Ferrie, J. E., & Dugravot, A. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d7622 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory
Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811910106 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Zunzunegui, M.-V., Alvarado, B. E., Del Ser, T., & Otero, A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.2.s93 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Does retirement affect cognitive functioning?
Bonsang, É., Adam, S., & Sergio Perelman, A. (2012) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.03.005 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Rohwedder, S., & Willis, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.24.1.119 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
(2012) · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Lifetime Antecedents of Cognitive Reserve
Richards, M., & Sacker, A. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5.614.14581 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationAgeing, Cognitive Abilities and Retirement
Mazzonna, F., & Peracchi, F. (2012) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.03.004 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Gallo, W., Bradley, E. H., Siegel, M. J., & Kasl, S. V. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.3.s131 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Age Structuring and the Rhythm of the Life Course
Settersten, R. A. (2003) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_4 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Hofer, S. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2001) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000052825 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationCohort Profile: Wisconsin longitudinal study (WLS)
Herd, P., Carr, D., & Roan, C. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys194 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Liu, G. F., Lu, K., Mogg, R., Mallick, M., & Mehrotra, D. V. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3639 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Gallo, W., Bradley, E. H., Dubin, J. A., Jones, R. N., Falba, T. A., Teng, H., & Kasl, S. V. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.4.s221 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Predictors of Perceptions of Involuntary Retirement
Szinovacz, M. E., & Davey, A. (2005) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/45.1.36 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Involuntary Retirement: The Role of Restrictive Circumstances, Timing, and Social Embeddedness
van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/62.5.s295 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
What is intelligence?: beyond the Flynn effect
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4077 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Glymour, M. M., Kawachi, I. I., Jencks, C., & Berkman, L. F. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.059469 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Dingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1914 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The effect of retirement on cognitive functioning.
Coe, N. B., von Gaudecker, H.-M., Lindeboom, M., & Maurer, J. (2012) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1771 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Cognitive ability in childhood and cognitive decline in mid-life: longitudinal birth cohort study
Richards, M., Shipley, B. A., Fuhrer, R., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.37972.513819.ee · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes cognitive reserve shape cognitive decline?
Singh‐Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., Glymour, M. M., Sabia, S., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Dugravot, A. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22391 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Effects of Layoffs and Plant Closings on Subsequent Depression Among Older Workers
Brand, J. E., Levy, B. R., & Gallo, W. T. (2008) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027508322574 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Aiming for Efficiency Rather than Proficiency
Neal, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.24.3.119 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A Life Course Approach to Healthy Ageing
Kuh, D. J. (2018) · Practical issues in geriatrics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96529-1_1 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Coordinated analysis of age, sex, and education effects on change in MMSE scores.
Piccinin, A., Muniz-Terrera, G., Clouston, S. A. P., Reynolds, C., Thorvaldsson, V., Deary, I., Deeg, D., Johansson, B., Mackinnon, A., Spiro, A., et al. (2013) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs077 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationRetirement and cognitive decline. A longitudinal analysis using SHARE data
Celidoni, M., Bianco, C. D., & Weber, G. (2017) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.09.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Clouston, S., Kuh, D. J., Herd, P., Elliott, J., Richards, M., & Hofer, S. M. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys148 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationLooking for ‘System Integrity’ in Cognitive Epidemiology
Deary, I. J. (2012) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000341157 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Gallo, W., Bradley, E. H., Siegel, M. J., & Kasl, S. V. (2001) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/56.1.s3 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Henkens, K., van Solinge, H., & Gallo, W. (2008) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn095 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Glymour, M. M., Tzourio, C., & Dufouil, C. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr509 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ageing, Cognitive Abilities and RetirementPreprint
Mazzonna, F., & Peracchi, F. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2004289 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Precarious Employment, Bad Jobs, Labor Unions, and Early Retirement
Raymo, J. M., Warren, J. R., Sweeney, M. M., Hauser, R. M., & Ho, J.-H. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq106 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Retirement Life Course in America at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
Warner, D. F., Hayward, M. D., & Hardy, M. A. (2010) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-009-9173-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Work Careers in Men's Later Years: Transitions, Trajectories, and Historical Change
Elder, G. H., & Pavalko, E. K. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.4.s180 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental transactions underlying educational attainment
Johnson, W., Deary, I. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Does retirement influence cognitive performance? The Whitehall II Study
Roberts, B. A., Fuhrer, R., Marmot, M. G., & Richards, M. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2010.111849 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationMental retirement and schooling
Bingley, P., & Martinello, A. T.-A. (2013) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.01.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hyde, M., Hanson, L. L. M., Chungkham, H. S., Leineweber, C., & Westerlund, H. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.927821 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Unemployment and cognitive difficulties
Fryer, D., & Warr, P. B. (1984) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00629.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rast, P. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023422 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Leaving Retirement: Age-Graded Relative Risks of Transitioning Back to Work or Dying
Kail, B. L., & Warner, D. F. (2012) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-012-9256-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Retirement and memory in Europe
Bianchini, L., & Borella, M. (2015) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x15000434 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
On the Importance of Early-Life Cognitive Abilities in Shaping Later-Life Outcomes
Hofer, S. M., & Clouston, S. (2014) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2014.936173 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationThe influence of working later in life on memory functioning
Wickrama, K. A. S., & O’Neal, C. W. (2013) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2013.09.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A life course approach to cognitive capability
Richards, M., & Deary, I. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430 · see citing works
“47 Another study found a two-fold increase in episodic memory loss attributable to retirement (n=18 575, mean age 66 years), compared to non-retirees, adjusting for health, age, sex, and wealth.”
RetractedEffect of retirement on cognitive function: the Whitehall II cohort study
Xue, B., Cadar, D., Fleischmann, M., Stansfeld, S., Carr, E., Kivimäki, M., McMunn, A., & Head, J. (2018) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0347-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mental retirement and health selection: Analyses from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study
Clouston, S. A. P., & Denier, N. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.019 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen I’m 64: Age-Related Variability in Over 40,000 Online Cognitive Test Takers
LaPlume, A. A., Anderson, N. D., McKetton, L., Levine, B., & Troyer, A. K. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab143 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hsu, H., & Bai, C. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02940-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hale, J. M., Bijlsma, M. J., & Lorenti, A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100855 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of retirement on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Álvarez‐Bueno, C., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Jiménez‐López, E., Visier‐Alfonso, M. E., Sequí‐Domínguez, I., & Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106892 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sarabia‐Cobo, C., Pérez, V. A. F., Hermosilla, C., & de Lorena, P. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10100151 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Romeiser, J. L., Smith, D., & Clouston, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253053 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationTypes of multidimensional vulnerability and well-being among the retired in the U.S
Shin, O., Park, S., Kang, J. Y., & Kwak, M. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1768212 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impact of Retirement on Cognitive Function
Zulka, L. E., Hansson, I., & Hassing, L. B. (2019) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000215 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Retirement Transition Sequences and Well-Being Among Older Workers Focusing on Gender Differences
Shin, O., Park, S., Kim, B., & Wu, C. (2024) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2024.2413880 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Retirement and grandchild care in China: mental health consequences and policy implications
Mou, Y., Tan, Z., & Nie, H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24774-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shin, O., Park, S., Lee, H., & Kang, J. Y. (2022) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x21001914 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clouston, S., Hanes, D. W., Smith, D. M., Richmond, L. L., Richards, M., & Link, B. G. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14053 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationCross-national Differences in the Association Between Retirement and Memory Decline
Mäcken, J., Riley, A. R., & Glymour, M. M. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa223 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Understanding the Link Between Retirement Timing and Cognition: A Scoping Review
Yauk, J., Veal, B. M., & Dobbs, D. (2023) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648231213745 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Influence of retirement on health conditions and quality of life
Micali, P. N., Fukushima, R. L. M., do Carmo, E. G., Costa, J. L. R., & Codogno, J. S. (2019) · ConScientiae Saúde · doi:10.5585/conssaude.v18n1.8755 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zotcheva, E., Strand, B. H., Bowen, C. E., Bratsberg, B., Jugessur, A., Engdahl, B., Selbæk, G., Kohler, H., Harris, J. R., Weiss, J., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5967 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Study on Influence of Economic Preparation for Later Life after Retirement
Kim, J.-J. (2020) · Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business · doi:10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no5.279 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Approaching Retirement After a Working Life in Poverty
Swain, J., Carpentieri, J., Parsons, S., & Goodman, A. T. (2020) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-020-09314-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Factors affecting Post-retirement Satisfaction of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Hawash, M. M., & Khalil, M. I. M. (2017) · Alexandria Scientific Nursing Journal · doi:10.21608/asalexu.2017.208354 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Theory of Mind und altersassoziierte Egozentrizität
Förstl, H. (2020) · Psychotherapie im Alter · doi:10.30820/1613-2637-2020-4-417 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Retire – why yes, why not? Results of a study on the Czech seniors
Krejcova, A., & Rašticová, M. (2020) · Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) · doi:10.15549/jeecar.v7i3.413 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Research note: Age, retirement, and intertemporal resource decision ability
Carpenter, C. W., Loveridge, S., & Mickus, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12353 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Retirement is not associated with age‐related cognitive impairment in Korean adults
Hwang, I. C., Ahn, H. Y., & Suh, H. S. (2022) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23408 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nazar, G., Cabezas, M.-F., Reyes‐Molina, D., Castillo-Trecán, P., Diaz‐Toro, F., & Petermann-Rocha, F. E. (2025) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2025.2508987 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cui, C., Zhou, B., Gao, L., Wang, D., Rowe, A. C., Nascimento, B. D. S., Zhang, H., & Cao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1601723 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sato, K., Noguchi, H., & Inoue, K. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, N. X., George, K. M., Colbeth, H., Posis, A. I. B., Lor, Y., Meunier, C. C., Gilsanz, P., Barnes, L. L., Weakley, A. M., & Whitmer, R. A. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71372 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aspectos cognitivos da pessoa idosa na aposentadoria: uma revisão sistemática
Farias, N. D. O., Fujita, L. S., Silva, C. F. D. F., Gasparotto, G. D. S., de OLIVEIRA, V., & Vagetti, G. C. (2021) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e5957.2021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Sense of Community and Self-Efficacy Among Senior Citizen Students
Pranger, M. J. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Hale, J. M., Bijlsma, M. J., & Lorenti, A. (2020) · doi:10.4054/mpidr-wp-2020-013
Adult lifespan development and optimal mental health
Odd, K., Dube, V., & Boron, J. B. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00253-8
Heterogeneous Treatment Effect of Retirement on Cognitive FunctionPreprint
Sato, K., Noguchi, H., & Inoue, K. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4577313
Retirement and Cognitive Function in Later LifePreprint
White, L. L. Y., Arp, P., & Coe, N. B. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5334947 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teräs, T., Myllyntausta, S., Pentti, J., Pasanen, J., Rovio, S., & Stenholm, S. (2025) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-025-00876-8
Hsu, H.-C., & Bai, C.-H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19408249
The transition to retirement and dementia risk: An application of sequence analysisPreprint
Pacca, L., Hebert, J., Carr, D. C., Brenowitz, W. D., Glymour, M. M., Harrati, A., & Vable, A. M. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.10.07.26364998
- Authors
- Denier, N., Clouston, S. A. P., Richards, M., & Hofer, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Colby College (US)
- Stony Brook Medicine (US)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Denier, Nicole
- Venue
- Advances in Life Course Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 31
- Pages
- 11-21
- ISSN
- 1040-2608 (ISSN-L)
- 1569-4909
- PMC
- PMC5539912
- OpenAlex
- W2534695715
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Life Course Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Pilot Grant
- UK Medical Research Council
- National Institute on Aging (AG-9775, AG-21079, AG-033285, AG-041868)
- Vilas Estate Trust
- National Science Foundation
- Spencer Foundation
- Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- retirement, cognitive aging, abstract thinking, verbal memory, verbal fluency, voluntary retirement, life course, adolescent cognition, Wisconsin Longitudinal Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Cognition, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, Wisconsin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
