Cited by 344Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationMedical Practices and RehabilitationSpine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology

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Fear-avoidance beliefs—a moderator of treatment efficacy in patients with low back pain: a systematic review

Wertli, Maria M., Rasmussen-Barr, Eva, Held, Ulrike, Weiser, Sherri, Bachmann, Lucas M., Brunner, Florian·2014·The Spine Journal

DOI 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.02.033

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Abstract

Background context Psychological factors are believed to influence the development of chronic low back pain. To date, it is not known how fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs) influence the treatment efficacy in low back pain.Purpose To summarize the evidence examining the influence of FABs measured with the Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire or the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia on treatment outcomes in patients with low back pain.Study design/setting This is a systematic review.Patient sample Patients with low back pain.Outcome measures Work-related outcomes and perceived measures including return to work, pain, and disability.Methods In January 2013, the following databases were searched: BIOSIS, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, OTSeeker, PeDRO, PsycInfo, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. A hand search of the six most often retrieved journals and a bibliography search completed the search.Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions research studies that included patients with low back pain who participated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating nonoperative treatment efficacy. Out of 646 records, 78 articles were assessed in full text and 17 RCTs were included. Study quality was high in five studies and moderate in 12 studies.Results In patients with low back pain of up to 6 months duration, high FABs were associated with more pain and/or disability (4 RCTs) and less return to work (3 RCTs) (GRADE high-quality evidence, 831 patients vs. 322 in nonpredictive studies). A decrease in FAB values during treatment was associated with less pain and disability at follow-up (GRADE moderate evidence, 2 RCTs with moderate quality, 242 patients). Interventions that addressed FABs were more effective than control groups based on biomedical concepts (GRADE moderate evidence, 1,051 vs. 227 patients in studies without moderating effects). In chronic patients with LBP, the findings were less consistent. Two studies found baseline FABs to be associated with more pain and disability and less return to work (339 patients), whereas 3 others (832 patients) found none (GRADE low evidence). Heterogeneity of the studies impeded a pooling of the results.Conclusions Evidence suggests that FABs are associated with poor treatment outcome in patients with LBP of less than 6 months, and thus early treatment, including interventions to reduce FABs, may avoid delayed recovery and chronicity. Patients with high FABs are more likely to improve when FABs are addressed in treatments than when these beliefs are ignored, and treatment strategies should be modified if FABs are present.

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Authors: Wertli, M. M., Rasmussen-Barr, E., Held, U., Weiser, S., Bachmann, L. M., & Brunner, F.
Affiliations: University of Zurich (CH)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital (US)
Universitätsklinik Balgrist (CH)
Corresponding author: Wertli, Maria M.
ORCID: Wertli, Maria M.
Rasmussen-Barr, Eva
Held, Ulrike
Weiser, Sherri
Bachmann, Lucas M.
Brunner, Florian
Venue: The Spine Journal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 14
Issue: 11
Pages: 2658-2678
ISSN: 1529-9430 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.02.033
OpenAlex: W1980544906
Cited by: 343
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 2.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Spine Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Keywords: fear-avoidance beliefs, low back pain, kinesiophobia, treatment efficacy, return to work, disability, pain, chronic low back pain, conservative treatment, psychological factors, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, moderators of treatment outcome, psychological intervention, work-related outcomes, treatment response prediction, treatment discontinuation
MeSH terms: Adult, Culture, Fear, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Low Back Pain, Chronic Pain

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Fear-avoidance beliefs—a moderator of treatment efficacy in patients with low back pain: a systematic review

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