Predictors of Pain Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Co-morbid with Depression: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The combination of chronic musculoskeletal pain and depression is associated with worse clinical outcomes than either condition alone. In this study, we report the predictors of pain intensity and activity interference in primary care patients with co-morbid pain and depression. METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis of the 250 persons who participated in a randomized clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of 12 weeks of optimized antidepressant therapy for both depression and pain. Using multivariate linear regression analysis, we assessed the predictive value of baseline self-efficacy, fear of movement, pain beliefs, and demographic and clinical factors on 3-month Graded Chronic Pain Scale pain intensity and activity interference outcomes. RESULTS: In the full model, significant sociodemographic predictors of less activity interference included being non-white (beta-5.8, P = 0.04) and being employed (beta-13.3, P < 0.0001). The latter was also predictive of less pain intensity (beta-5.6, P = 0.01). As expected, the optimized antidepressant treatment arm was associated with improved outcomes (pain intensity: beta-3.7, P = 0.0005 and activity interference: beta-6.4, P = 0.01). Whereas stronger perceived pain control (beta 3.6, P = 0.01) was associated with greater activity interference, higher degree of fear of movement (or fear avoidance) predicted greater pain intensity (beta 0.46, P = 0.04) and activity interference (beta 0.57, P = 0.05). Neither the location (low back vs hip/knee) nor duration of pain were predictive of pain intensity or interference outcomes. CONCLUSION: The findings are consistent with a bio-psychosocial model, implicating the need to consider the impact of sociodemographic variables and pain-related beliefs and cognition on pain-related outcomes for patients with co-morbid musculoskeletal pain and depression.
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Chronic pain and psychological impairment such as depression and anxiety are driven by shared biological pathways and neurotransmitters.
“Chronic pain and psychological impairment such as depression and anxiety are driven by shared biological pathways and neurotransmitters”
When depression and/or anxiety coexist with chronic musculoskeletal pain, standard orthopedic treatment is less effective.
“when this occurs, standard orthopedic treatment is less effective.”
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- Authors
- Ang, D. C., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Wu, J., Tu, W., & Kroenke, K.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- Regenstrief Institute (US)
- Health Services Research & Development (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ang, Dennis C.
- Venue
- Pain Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 482-491
- ISSN
- 1526-2375 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-4637
- OpenAlex
- W2055347785
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pain Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 071268, R01MH071268)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- chronic musculoskeletal pain, depression, comorbidities, pain intensity, activity interference, self-efficacy, kinesiophobia, fear avoidance, pain beliefs, antidepressant treatment, sociodemographic factors, employment status, biopsychosocial model, Graded Chronic Pain Scale
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Antidepressive Agents, Chronic Disease, Depression, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome
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