The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia

Roelofs, Jeffrey; Goubert, Liesbet; Peters, Madelon L.; Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.; Crombez, Geert

doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.11.016

Cited by 475Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationFibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchPain Management and Treatment

The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia

Roelofs, Jeffrey, Goubert, Liesbet, Peters, Madelon L., Vlaeyen, Johan W.S., Crombez, Geert·2004·European Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.11.016

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Abstract

The present study attempted to replicate the robustness of a two‐factor model of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients and fibromyalgia patients, by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Construct and predictive validity of the TSK subscales were also examined. Results clearly indicated that a two‐factor model fitted best in both pain samples. These two factors were labelled somatic focus, which reflects the belief in underlying and serious medical problems, and activity avoidance, which reflects the belief that activity may result in (re)injury or increased pain. Construct validity of the TSK and its subscales was supported by moderate correlation coefficients with self‐report measures of pain‐related fear, pain catastrophising, and disability, predominantly in patients with CLBP. Predictive validity was supported by moderate correlation coefficients with performance on physical performance tests (i.e., lifting tasks, bicycle task) mainly in CLBP patients. Implications of the results are discussed and directions for future research are provided.

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From Exercise combined with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ExACT) compared to a supervised exercise programme for adults with chronic pain: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. (2018) · cites this paper as [54]

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Psychometric properties of the TSK-11: A shortened version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia
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The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia
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“, 1995a) and recent studies have supported a two-factor solution with subscales for activity avoidance and somatic focus (Roelofs et al., 2004).”
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“Based on previous research that has shown that TSK scores correlate with gender [28,32,33] and studies showing that TSK scores seem to depend on pain diagnosis [3,4,13,23,26,27], these variables were included as norming variables.”
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Extensive Validation of the Pain Disability Index in 3 Groups of Patients With Musculoskeletal Pain
Soer, R., Köke, A. J. A., Vroomen, P. C. A. J., Stegeman, P., Smeets, R. J. E. M., Coppes, M. H., & Reneman, M. F. (2013) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e31828af21f · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Fear of Movement/Injury in the General Population: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of an Adapted Version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia
Houben, R. M. A., Leeuw, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Goubert, L., & Picavet, H. S. J. (2005) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9011-x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citation
Responsiveness and Minimal Important Change of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Short Forms in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Chiarotto, A., Vanti, C., Cedraschi, C., Ferrari, S., de Lima e Sà Resende, F., Ostelo, R. W., & Pillastrini, P. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.02.012 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Pain‐related fear predicts disability, but not pain severity: A path analytic approach of the fear‐avoidance model
Gheldof, E. L. M., Crombez, G., den Bussche, E. V., Vinck, J., Nieuwenhuyse, A. V., Moens, G. F. G., Mairiaux, P., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.01.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Pain-related fear was measured by the Dutch version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-AV; (Goubert et al., 2004b; Roelofs et al., 2004), in which the 4 inversed items (items nr 4, 8, 12, and 16) are omitted.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD)
Visscher, C. M., Ohrbach, R. K., van Wijk, A. J., Wilkosz, M., & Naeije, M. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“, [9,23]), the reverse-scored items were not included in this model.”
BackgroundInfluential
A longitudinal study on the predictive validity of the fear–avoidance model in low back pain
Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Portegijs, P. J. M., Verbunt, J., van Riet-Rutgers, S., Kester, A. D. M., Korff, M. V., Arntz, A. R., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.06.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Reliability and validity of the TSK Dutch version and its subscales are good (Roelofs et al., 2004; Vlaeyen et al., 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Chronic low back pain: Physical training, graded activity with problem solving training, or both? The one-year post-treatment results of a randomized controlled trial
Smeets, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., Kester, A. D. M., van der Heijden, G. J. M. G., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.04.021 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“APT, active physical treatment; GAP, graded activity plus problem solving training; CT, combination treatment; LBP, low back pain; BPAQ, Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; SPSI–NPO, Social Problem Solving Inventory–Negative Problem Orientation; RDQ, Roland Disability Questionna…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Early postoperative fear of movement predicts pain, disability, and physical health six months after spinal surgery for degenerative conditions
Archer, K. R., Seebach, C. L., Mathis, S. L., Riley, L. H., & Wegener, S. T. (2014) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.087 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Establishing clinically meaningful severity levels for the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK‐13)
Neblett, R., Hartzell, M. M., Mayer, T. G., Bradford, E. M., & Gatchel, R. J. (2015) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.795 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Comparison of Graded Exercise and Graded Exposure Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
George, S. Z., Wittmer, V. T., Fillingim, R. B., & Robinson, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3396 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
What Do People Who Score Highly on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Really Believe?
Bunzli, S., Smith, A. J., Watkins, R. E., Schütze, R., & O’Sullivan, P. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000143 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Relationship between psychological factors and performance-based and self-reported disability in chronic low back pain
Preuper, H. R. S., Reneman, M. F., Boonstra, A. M., Dijkstra, P. U., Versteegen, G. J., Geertzen, J. H. B., & Brouwer, S. (2008) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0772-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“performance-based disability has been investigated [36, 47, 50, 55, 62].”
BackgroundResult
Pain and pain‐related fear are associated with functional and social disability in an occupational setting: Evidence of mediation by pain‐related fear
Gheldof, E. L. M., Vinck, J., den Bussche, E. V., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., & Crombez, G. (2005) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.07.005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Results of a confirmatory factor analysis (Goubert et al., 2004c; Roelofs et al., 2004) resulted in the exclusion of the four reversed key items (resulting in a 13-item TSK-AV, adapted version).”
MethodSelf-citation
Fear reduction in patients with chronic pain: a learning theory perspective
den Hollander, M., de Jong, J. D., Volders, S., Goossens, M., Smeets, R., & Vlaeyen, J. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.115 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation
Manual Therapy, Therapeutic Patient Education, and Therapeutic Exercise, an Effective Multimodal Treatment of Nonspecific Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Beltran-Alacreu, H., López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, I., Fernández-Carnero, J., & La Touche, R. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000000293 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The authors used an 11-item version that has shown good psychometric reliability for chronic pain.(30) Each item is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale that ranges from Bstrongly agree[ to Bstrongly disagree.”
Method
The differential role of pain, work characteristics and pain-related fear in explaining back pain and sick leave in occupational settings
Gheldof, E. L. M., Vinck, J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., & Crombez, G. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.040 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Results of a confirmatory factor analysis (Goubert et al., 2004c; Roelofs et al., 2004) resulted in the exclusion of the four reversed key items (resulting in a 13-item TSK-AV, adapted version).”
MethodSelf-citation
Blended-learning pain neuroscience education for people with chronic spinal pain: Randomized controlled multicenter trial
Malfliet, A., Kregel, J., Meeus, M., Roussel, N., Danneels, L., Cagnie, B., Dolphens, M., & Nijs, J. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzx092 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Test—retest stability of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia in Chronic Pain over a Longer Period of Time
Lamé, I. E., Peters, M. L., Kessels, A. G., Van Kleef, M., & Patijn, J. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308093866 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Previously it was found that omitting the reversed key items improved internal consistency (Goubert et al., 2004; Roelofs et al., 2004; Swinkels-Meewisse et al., 2003) and the test–retest stability (Swinkels-Meewisse et al., 2003).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Chronic Temporomandibular Disorders: disability, pain intensity and fear of movement
Gil‐Martínez, A., Grande‐Alonso, M., López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva, I., López‐López, A., Fernández‐Carnero, J., & Touche, R. L. (2016) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-016-0690-1 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The score obtained in these groups with chronic TMD is similar to that found in patients with chronic widespread pain (28 points) and lower than that of patients with low back pain (33 points) [53].”
BackgroundResult
The effect of fear of movement beliefs on pain and disability after surgery for lumbar and cervical degenerative conditions
Archer, K. R., Wegener, S. T., Seebach, C., Song, Y., Skolasky, R. L., Thornton, C., Khanna, A. J., & Riley, L. H. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181f8c6f4 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Pain in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
HajGhanbari, B., Holsti, L., ROAD, J. D., & Reid, W. D. (2012) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.03.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The modified version of TSK was used (without reversed key items) as it has been found to improve the internal consistency.(23)”
Method
The role of perceived injustice in the prediction of pain and function after total knee arthroplasty
Yakobov, E., Scott, W., Stanish, W. D., Dunbar, M., Richardson, G. C., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.07.007 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“High scores on TSK-13 and TSK-17 have been associated with physical disability and pain in patients with various conditions, including OA [24,25,42,46,60].”
Background
The fear‐avoidance model in whiplash injuries
Nieto, R., Miró, J., & Huguet, A. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of the Persian Versions of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in Patients With Neck Pain
Ashtiani, A. A., Ebrahimi-Takamejani, I., Torkaman, G., Amiri, M., & Mousavi, S. J. (2014) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000000438 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Fear-Avoidance Beliefs, Catastrophizing, and Distress
Westman, A., Boersma, K., Leppert, J., & Linton, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e318219ab6c · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Myofascial Trigger Points, Pain, Disability, and Sleep Quality in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Iglesias-González, J. J., Muñoz-García, M. T., Rodrigues‐de‐Souza, D. P., Alburquerque‐Sendín, F., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12224 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Role of Fear of Movement and Injury in Selective Attentional Processing in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Dot-Probe Evaluation
Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Fassaert, T. J. L., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2004.12.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
More is not always better: Cost‐effectiveness analysis of combined, single behavioral and single physical rehabilitation programs for chronic low back pain
Smeets, R., Severens, J. L., Beelen, S., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.02.008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…previous treatment(s), level of radiating pain, traumatic onset, pain-related fear (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia) (Goubert et al., 2004; Goubert et al., 2000; Roelofs et al., 2004), and physical activity (Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire) (Baecke et al., 1982; Jacob et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Randomized trial of two physiotherapy interventions for primary care neck and back pain patients: 'McKenzie' vs brief physiotherapy pain management
Moffett, J. K., Jackson, D. A., Gardiner, E., Torgerson, D. J., Coulton, S., Eaton, S., Mooney, M. P., Pickering, C., Green, A. J., Walker, L. G., et al. (2006) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kel339 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“From our previous research [14], we anticipated a within-group standard deviation of 5.7 on the full TSK scale.”
MethodInfluential
Group Differences Between Countries and Between Languages in Pain-Related Beliefs, Coping, and Catastrophizing in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review
Sharma, S., Ferreira-Valente, A., Williams, A. C. D. C., Abbott, J. H., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz373 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Norwegian Version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia
Haugen, A. J., Grøvle, L., Keller, A., & Grotle, M. (2008) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e31817c6c4b · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“84 for both the 13-item TSK(9,12) and the 17-item TSK.(2,4,6,8,13) Studies have demonstrated Cronbach’s alphas ranging from 0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Back Muscle Activation Patterns in Chronic Low Back Pain During Walking: A “Guarding” Hypothesis
van der Hulst, M., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R., Rietman, J. S., Schaake, L., Groothuis‐Oudshoorn, C. G. M., & Hermens, H. J. (2009) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181b40eca · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Right 10 (16%) Bilateral 41 (65%) VAS (0-100) median/range* Current pain 47 (5-94) — RMDQ (0-24) mean (SD) 11 (4) — TSK activity avoidance (6-24) mean (SD) 15 (4) —”
BackgroundInfluential
Fear of Movement, Quality of Life, and Self-Reported Disability in Obese Patients with Chronic Lumbar Pain
Vincent, H. K., Omli, M. R., Day, T., Hodges, M. J., Vincent, K. R., & George, S. Z. (2010) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.01011.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Investigation of the relationship between kinesiophobia, physical activity level and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain1
Altuğ, F., Ünal, A., Ören, G. K., Kavlak, E., Çıtışlı, V., & Cavlak, U. (2016) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-150653 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Examination of the photograph series of daily activities (PHODA) scale in chronic low back pain patients with high and low kinesiophobia
Trost, Z., France, C. R., & Thomas, J. S. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.016 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Additionally, given the sometimes disputed factor structure of the TSK instrument [9,11,31,32], it is worth investigating the predictive value of the Activity-Avoidance and Somatic Focus subscales on perceptions of pain and harm with respect to the PHODA and movement ratings.”
Background
Extinction of Fear Generalization: A Comparison Between Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy Control Participants
Meulders, A., Meulders, M., Stouten, I., Bie, J. D., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.10.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of pain neuroscience education and dry needling for the management of patients with chronic myofascial neck pain: a randomized clinical trial
Valiente-Castrillo, P., Martín‐Pintado‐Zugasti, A., Calvo‐Lobo, C., Beltrán-Alacreu, H., & Fernández‐Carnero, J. (2020) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0964528420920300 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“An 11-item version is also considered to have good psychometric reliability for chronic pain.(35) Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert-type scale that ranges from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”
Background
Kinesiophobia in patients with non-traumatic arm, neck and shoulder complaints: a prospective cohort study in general practice
Feleus, A., van Dalen, T., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Bernsen, R. M. D., Verhaar, J. A. N., Koes, B. W., & Miedema, H. S. (2007) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-117 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Predictors of Pain Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Co-morbid with Depression: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Ang, D. C., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Wu, J., Tu, W., & Kroenke, K. (2010) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00759.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
On what patients does the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia fit?
Lundberg, M., STYF, J. R., & Jansson, B. (2009) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593980802662160 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Prognostic factors for perceived recovery or functional improvement in non-specific low back pain: secondary analyses of three randomized clinical trials
Helmhout, P. H., Staal, J. B., Heymans, M. W., Harts, C. C., Hendriks, E. J. M., & de Bie, R. A. (2010) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-009-1254-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Baseline values of these eight variables (RMDQ, LBP duration, pain radiation, TSK, GHQ, JCQ subscales, physical activity) were included in the analyses as potential prognostic factors.”
MethodInfluential
Evaluation of Kinesiophobia and Its Correlations with Pain and Fatigue in Joint Hypermobility Syndrome/Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type
Celletti, C., Castori, M., La Torre, G., & Camerota, F. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/580460 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Activity-related pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders
Damsgård, E., Thrane, G., Anke, A., Fors, T., & Røe, C. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903567877 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Reduction of Pain-Related Fear and Disability in Post-Traumatic Neck Pain: A Replicated Single-Case Experimental Study of Exposure In Vivo
de Jong, J. R., Vangronsveld, K. L. H., Peters, M. L., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Onghena, P., Bulté, I., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2008) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.06.015 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive-behavioral-based physical therapy to enhance return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An open pilot study
Coronado, R. A., Sterling, E. K., Fenster, D. E., Bird, M. L., Heritage, A. J., Woosley, V. L., Burston, A., Henry, A. L., Huston, L. J., Vanston, S. W., et al. (2020) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.01.004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Morbid Obesity Is Associated With Fear of Movement and Lower Quality of Life in Patients With Knee Pain‐Related Diagnoses
Vincent, H., Lamb, K. M., Day, T. I., Tillman, S. M., Vincent, K., & George, S. (2010) · PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.027 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain, Function, and Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Noehren, B. W., Dailey, D. L., Rakel, B. A., Vance, C. G. T., Zimmerman, M. B., Crofford, L. J., & Sluka, K. A. (2014) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140218 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Fear of Movement/(Re)Injury: An Update to Descriptive Review of the Related Measures
Liu, H., Huang, L. C., Yang, Z., Li, H., Wang, Z., & Peng, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696762 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“, 2006), fibromyalgia (Roelofs et al., 2004), neck pain (Lee et al.”
BackgroundMethod
Relationship between different measures of pain-related fear and physical capacity of the spine in patients with chronic low back pain
Demoulin, C., Huijnen, I. P. J., Somville, P.-R., Grosdent, S., Salamun, I., Crielaard, J.-M., Vanderthommen, M., & Volders, S. (2013) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.02.037 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kinesiophobia in Migraine
Martins, I. P., Gil‐Gouveia, R., & Parreira, E. (2006) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2006.01.449 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Behavioural modification interventions for medically unexplained symptoms in primary care: systematic reviews and economic evaluation
Leaviss, J., Davis, S., Ren, S., Hamilton, J., Scope, A., Booth, A., Sutton, A., Parry, G. D., Buszewicz, M., Moss-Morris, R. E., et al. (2020) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta24460 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pain catastrophising and kinesiophobia mediate pain and physical function improvements with Pilates exercise in chronic low back pain: a mediation analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Wood, L., Bejarano, G., Csiernik, B., Miyamoto, G. C., Mansell, G., Hayden, J. A., Lewis, M., & Cashin, A. G. (2023) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2023.05.008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Return to Work in a Cohort of Low Back Pain Patients: Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Rule
Heymans, M. W., Anema, J. R., van Buuren, S., Knol, D. L., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-009-9166-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The Dutch version of the tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK, range 17–68) was used to measure the extent to which people feared that exercise can lead to reinjury [20].”
Method
Fear of Movement Is Not Associated With Objective and Subjective Physical Activity Levels in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain
de Carvalho, F. A., Maher, C. G., Franco, M. R., Morelhao, P. K., Oliveira, C. B., Silva, F. G., & Pinto, R. Z. (2016) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.115 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kinesiophobia and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Overweight Older Adults with Chronic Low-Back Pain
Vincent, H. K., Seay, A. N., Montero, C., Conrad, B. P., Hurley, R. W., & Vincent, K. R. (2013) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e318287633c · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Somatic focus represents the belief of underlying and serious medical problems, and activity avoidance focus represents the belief that activity may result in (re)injury or increased pain.(12) Thus, the overall TSK score and the two subscores of somatic focus and activity avoidance focus are presented.”
Background
Physical capacity tasks in chronic low back pain: What is the contributing role of cardiovascular capacity, pain and psychological factors?
Smeets, R., van Geel, A. C., Kester, A. D. M., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2006) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280600925829 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The questionnaire is considered reliable and valid in CLBP [29,42].”
Background
Effect of fully immersive virtual reality treatment combined with exercise in fibromyalgia patients: a randomized controlled trial
Gülşen, Ç., Söke, F., Eldemir, K., Apaydın, Y., Özkul, Ç., Guclu‐Gunduz, A., & Akçalı, D. T. (2020) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2020.1772900 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Four items (i.e., items 4, 8, 12 and 16) are inversely phrased and the range of scores are from 17 to 68 where the higher scores indicate an increase in the kinesiophobia degree (Roelofs et al., 2004).”
Background
Is the Fear Avoidance Model Associated With the Reduced Level of Aerobic Fitness in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain?
Smeets, R., van Geel, K. D., & Verbunt, J. (2009) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.07.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Relationship between kinesiophobia and pain, quality of life, functional status, disease activity, mobility, and depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Oskay, D., Tunà, Z., Düzgün, İ., Elbasan, B., Yakut, Y., & Tufan, A. (2017) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-1702-93 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Kinesiophobia is defined as an excessive, irrational, and debilitating fear of physical movement and activity resulting from a feeling of vulnerability to painful injury or reinjury (5).”
Background
Young individuals with a more ankle-steered proprioceptive control strategy may develop mild non-specific low back pain
Claeys, K., Dankaerts, W., Janssens, L., Pijnenburg, M., Goossens, N., & Brumagne, S. (2014) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.10.013 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…every three months: a Physical Activity Index (PAI) questionnaire (Baecke et al., 1982), the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) (Waddell et al., 1993), the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) (Terluin, 1998) and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) (Roelofs et al., 2004).”
Method

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia
Goubert, L., Crombez, G., Damme, S. V., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Bijttebier, P., & Roelofs, J. (2004) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200403000-00007 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citation
The best structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for patients with chronic low back pain has two domains and nine items
Pontes‐Silva, A., Dibai‐Filho, A. V., de Jesus, S. F. C., de Oliveira, L. A. S., Dibai, D. B., Gomes, C. A. F. D. P., & Ávila, M. A. (2022) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155221128829 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fear of movement and (re) injury in chronic musculoskeletal pain: Evidence for an invariant two-factor model of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia across pain diagnoses and Dutch, Swedish, and Canadian samples
Roelofs, J., Sluiter, J. K., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W., Goossens, M., Thibault, P., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.008 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fear of movement/(Re)injury in low back pain: confirmatory validation of a German version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia
Rusu, A. C., Kreddig, N., Hallner, D., Hülsebusch, J., & Hasenbring, M. I. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-280 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
What Do People Who Score Highly on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Really Believe?
Bunzli, S., Smith, A. J., Watkins, R. E., Schütze, R., & O’Sullivan, P. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000143 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Authors: Roelofs, J., Goubert, L., Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Crombez, G.
Affiliations: Maastricht University (NL)
Ghent University (BE)
Corresponding author: Roelofs, Jeffrey
ORCID: Roelofs, Jeffrey
Goubert, Liesbet
Peters, Madelon L.
Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.
Crombez, Geert
Venue: European Journal of Pain
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-10
Volume: 8
Issue: 5
Pages: 495-502
ISSN: 1090-3801 (ISSN-L)
1532-2149
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.11.016
OpenAlex: W2102230060
Cited by: 472
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 5.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2658 d)
Locations: European Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
Keywords: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, kinesiophobia, chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, psychometric properties, two-factor model, somatic focus, activity avoidance, pain catastrophizing, disability, physical performance, fear-avoidance beliefs
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Chronic Disease, Disability Evaluation, Fear, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Kinesthesis, Male, Middle Aged, Movement, Neuropsychological Tests, Pain Measurement, Phobic Disorders, Physical Fitness, Predictive Value of Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Low Back Pain

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The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia

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