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Adrenalectomy may improve cardiovascular and metabolic impairment and ameliorate quality of life in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical Cushing’s syndrome
Abstract
Background Adrenalectomy represents the definitive treatment in clinically evident Cushing's syndrome; however, the most appropriate treatment for patients with subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) with an adrenal incidentaloma remains controversial. This study was aimed to assess whether adrenalectomy may improve cardiovascular and metabolic impairment and quality of life compared with conservative management.Methods Twenty patients with adrenal incidentaloma underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for SCS, whereas 15 were managed conservatively. Hormonal laboratory parameters of corticosteroid secretion, arterial blood pressure (BP), glycometabolic profile, and quality of life (by the SF-36 questionnaire) were compared at baseline and the end of follow-up.Results The 2 groups were equivalent concerning all the examined parameters at baseline. In the operative group, laboratory corticosteroid parameters normalized in all patients but not in the conservative-management group (P < .001). In operated patients, a decrease in BP occurred in 53% of patients, glycometabolic control improved in 50%, and body mass index decreased; in contrast, no improvement or some worsening occurred in the conservative-management group (P < .01). SF-36 evaluation improved in the operative group (P < .05).Conclusion Adrenalectomy can be more beneficial than conservative management in SCS and may achieve remission of laboratory hormonal abnormalities and improve BP, glycemic control, body mass index, and quality of life.
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“Several studies have reported the outcome of surgical intervention but most involve small numbers and are retrospective, uncontrolled, and lack randomization (230,243,250-253,255) (Table 7).”
From Adrenal incidentaloma (2020) · cites this paper as [251]
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“Compared to a conservative approach, adrenalectomy can effectively al leviate metabolic disturbances caused by SCS but may lead to adrenal insufficiency (AI) (12-17).”
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“Our study demonstrated that surgical intervention effectively improved BP and glycemic control in patients with PBMAH and MACS, aligning with several prior studies on patients with MACS [20, 34–36].”
Bilateral Adrenal Nodules Presenting With Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion
Sandooja, R., Hamidi, O., Zhang, C. D., Dogra, P., Athimulam, S., Rahimi, L., Villavicencio, C. A., Chacko, S. R., Young, W. F., & Bancos, I. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.06.019 · Cited by 2
Conduite à tenir devant un incidentalome surrénalien
Ménégaux, F., Chéreau, N., Peix, J.-L., Christou, N., Lifante, J. C., Paladino, N. C., Sebag, F. A., Ghander, C., Trésallet, C., & Mathonnet, M. (2014) · Journal de Chirurgie Viscérale · doi:10.1016/j.jchirv.2014.05.005 · Cited by 3
Egan, R. J., & Scott-Coombes, D. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1124-5_25 · Cited by 2
The effect of adrenalectomy on the patients with Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion
Köstek, M., Roy, R., Gillis, A., Chen, H. Y., & Lindeman, B. M. (2026) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2026.116922 · Cited by 1
Should the Monitoring Protocols for Adrenal Incidentalomas be Changed?
Mateo-Gavira, I., Vílchez-López, F. J., Larrán-Escandón, L., Ojeda-Schuldt, M. B., Tinoco, C. L., & Aguilar‐Diosdado, M. (2014) · Cirugía Española (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.cireng.2013.09.030 · Cited by 1
“Although some studies support surgery, 9 intervention was not chosen because the patients were older than 60 years, had diabetes and hypertension, were well-controlled on pharmacological treatment, and there was no evidence of the potential benefit that surgery would provide.”
Iacobone, M., & Torresan, F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84737-1_19 · Cited by 1
Advances in our understanding of the prognosis of adrenal incidentaloma
Mackay, I., & Aspinall, S. R. (2016) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2016.1233055 · Cited by 1
“reported that adrenalectomy in patients with AI and SH improved hypertension, glycemic control, body mass index (BMI), and quality of life (QOL), measured by SF-36, in 20 patients compared to 15 controls managed conservatively [78].”
MethodLirov, R., & Gauger, P. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1124-5_26 · Cited by 1
¿Deberían modificarse los protocolos diagnóstico-terapéuticos de los incidentalomas suprarrenales?
Mateo-Gavira, I., Vílchez-López, F. J., Larrán-Escandón, L., Ojeda-Schuldt, M. B., Tinoco, C. L., & Aguilar‐Diosdado, M. (2014) · Cirugía Española · doi:10.1016/j.ciresp.2013.09.016
L'incidentalome surrénalien, étude du statut métabolique et de la fibrinolyse
Thebert, J. (2015) · HAL
Management Scheme for Adrenal Incidentalomas: Who Gets What?
Callender, G. G., & Udelsman, R. (2016) · Current Surgery Reports · doi:10.1007/s40137-016-0145-2
Operative Techniques for Adrenal Neoplasms
Patel, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44136-8_13
Carşote, M., Ghemigian, A. M., Valea, A., Dumitrascu, A. S., Chiriţă, C., & Poiană, C. (2015) · Ars medica tomitana · doi:10.1515/arsm-2015-0032
Kang, M., Baek, M., Lee, J., & Jeong, B. C. (2017) · Journal of Urologic Oncology · doi:10.22465/kjuo.2017.15.3.137
“Given the variability in diagnostic criteria and optimal management of SCS, the most appropriate treatment for SCS patients remains a highly controversial issue,10 although a few studies provide evidence that surgical treatment may be associated with a positive effect on the long-term clinical and metabolic outcomes i…”
BackgroundInfluentialHamidi, M., Mavros, M. N., Devon, K. M., Kulkarni, G. S., Law, C., Urbach, D. R., Hallet, J. I., & Pasternak, J. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48363-0_1 · Cited by 1
Aouinati, Y., Mjabber, A., Haraj, N. E., Aziz, S. E., & Chadli, A. (2021) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.38.367.26040
“4 compact and spongiform cells on the microscopic level [19], which is in favor of macronodular hyperplasia the latter must not be confused with”
BackgroundTrandafir, A.-I., Stanciu, M., Albu, S. E., Stoian, V. R., CIOFU, I., Persu, C., Nistor, C., & Carşote, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134244
“Notably, adrenalectomy should be considered when deciding on an anti-osteoporosis strategy (including in cases of unilateral adrenal removal for patients with bilateral AIs) since improvement of bone status is expected after surgery [68,70]; however, some authors showed no remarkable post-operative benefits regarding…”
BackgroundInfluentialIncidentally Found Adrenal Masses: When Should We Worry?
Tritos, N. A. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.09.010
FIGURES 45 in Two new species of Ascidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from India
Bhattacharyya, A. K. (2003) · INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.157114
Ruggiero, B., Zhu, G., Swan, L., Suntornlohanakul, O., Xu, M., Ronchi, C. L., Elhassan, Y., Yates, D., & Prete, A. (2026) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvag072 · Cited by 1
Devaraja, V., Rajoo, S., Valayatham, V. M., & Hui, F. S. (2026) · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · doi:10.15605/jafes.041.01.5143
“11,12 Consequently, the optimal management and long-term follow-up of AI patients remain subjects of debate.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Iacobone, M., Citton, M., Viel, G., Boetto, R., Bonadio, I., Mondi, I., Tropea, S., Nitti, D., & Favia, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Iacobone, Maurizio
- Venue
- Surgery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 991-997
- ISSN
- 0039-6060 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2008606130
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 8.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- adrenalectomy, adrenal incidentaloma, subclinical Cushing's syndrome, conservative treatment, cardiovascular dysfunction, metabolic dysfunction, quality of life, blood pressure, body mass index, corticosteroid secretion, laparoscopic adrenalectomy
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms, Adrenalectomy, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cushing Syndrome, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Body Mass Index, Adrenocortical Adenoma, Metabolic Syndrome, Incidental Findings
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