Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) differentially bind to androgen receptors depending on each SARM's chemical structure. As a result, SARMs result in anabolic cellular activity while avoiding many of the side effects of currently available anabolic steroids. SARMs have been studied in the treatment of breast cancer and cachexia and have also been used as performance-enhancing agents. Here, we evaluate and summarize the current literature on SARMs. AIM: To present the background, mechanisms, current and potential clinical applications, as well as risks and benefits of SARMs. METHODS: A literature review was performed in MEDLINE using the terms selective androgen receptor modulator, hypogonadism, cachexia, breast cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, libido, and lean muscle mass. Both basic research and clinical studies were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: To complete a review of peer-reviewed literature. RESULTS: Although there are currently no U.S. Food and Drug Agency-approved indications for SARMs, investigators are exploring the potential uses for these compounds. Basic research has focused on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents, demonstrating good availability with a paucity of drug interactions. Early clinical studies have demonstrated potential uses for SARMs in the treatment of cancer-related cachexia, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypogonadism, and breast cancer, with positive results. CONCLUSION: SARMs have numerous possible clinical applications, with promise for the safe use in the treatment of cachexia, BPH, hypogonadism, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Solomon ZJ, Mirabal JR, Mazur DJ, et al. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:84-94.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
SARMs are orally administered and relatively well-tolerated with few adverse events, though concern exists as to whether these lead to hepatotoxicity and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol.
“These compounds are currently being investigated as treatment options for hypogonadism, as they are orally administered and are relatively well-tolerated with few adverse events, though some concern exists as to whether these lead to hepatotoxicity and decreased levels of HLD cholesterol (81).”
From Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
Excessive synaptic strengthening, prolonged translational disinhibition, or poorly calibrated excitability modulation could promote maladaptive plasticity, excitotoxic stress, epileptiform activity, or aberrant stabilization of pathological circuit states.
“Excessive synaptic strengthening, prolonged translational disinhibition, or poorly calibrated excitability modulation could promote maladaptive plasticity, excitotoxic stress, epileptiform activity, or aberrant stabilization of pathological circuit states.”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [435]
The Alzheimer’s disease section discusses testosterone, cognition, and amyloid, while the cachexia section discusses muscle protein synthesis and growth signaling. Neither addresses the claimed risks of excessive synaptic strengthening, translational disinhibition, or excitability modulation. Searches for maladaptive plasticity, excitotoxic stress, epileptiform activity, and pathological circuit states found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wang, C., Cunningham, G., Dobs, A., Iranmanesh, A., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Weber, T., Berman, N., Hull, L., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032006 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Simon, J., Braunstein, G., Nachtigall, L., Utian, W., Katz, M., Miller, S., Waldbaum, A., Bouchard, C., Derzko, C., Buch, A., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1747 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Moffat, S., Zonderman, A., Metter, E., Blackman, M. R., Harman, S., & Resnick, S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020419 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Dalton, J. T., Barnette, K. G., Bohl, C. E., Hancock, M. L., Rodriguez, D., Dodson, S. T., Morton, R. A., & Steiner, M. S. (2011) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-011-0034-6 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Dobs, A. S., Boccia, R. V., Croot, C. C., Gabrail, N. Y., Dalton, J. T., Hancock, M. L., Johnston, M. A., & Steiner, M. S. (2013) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70055-x · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Selective estrogen receptor modulation
Jordan, V. C. (2004) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/s1535-6108(04)00059-5 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Testosterone levels and cognition in elderly men: A review
Holland, J., Bandelow, S., & Hogervorst, E. (2011) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.05.012 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Vignozzi, L., Morelli, A., Sarchielli, E., Comeglio, P., Filippi, S., Cellai, I., Maneschi, E., Serni, S., Gacci, M., Carini, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-11-0289 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Crawford, J., Prado, C. M. M., Johnston, M. A., Gralla, R. J., Taylor, R. P., Hancock, M. L., & Dalton, J. T. (2016) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-016-0522-0 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Selective estrogen receptor modulation: a personal perspective.
Jordan, V. C. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Basaria, S. S., Collins, L. F., Dillon, E. L., Orwoll, K., Storer, T. W., Miciek, R., Ulloor, J., Zhang, A., Eder, R. V., Zientek, H., et al. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls078 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Simon, J. A., Goldstein, I., Kim, N. N., Davis, S. R., Kellogg‐Spadt, S., Löwenstein, L., Pinkerton, J. V., Stuenkel, C. A., Traish, A. M., Archer, D. F., et al. (2018) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001138 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Traish, A. M., Vignozzi, L., Simon, J. A., Goldstein, I., & Kim, N. N. (2018) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.03.005 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Antiinflammatory effect of androgen receptor activation in human benign prostatic hyperplasia cells
Vignozzi, L., Cellai, I., Santi, R., Lombardelli, L., Morelli, A., Comeglio, P., Filippi, S., Logiodice, F., Carini, M., Nesi, G., et al. (2012) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-12-0142 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Miner, J. N., Chang, W. Y., Chapman, M. S., Finn, P. D., Hong, M. H., LÓPEZ, F. J., Marschke, K. B., Rosen, J., Schrader, W. T., Turner, R. T., et al. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0793 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Discovery and Therapeutic Promise of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators
Chen, J. (2005) · Molecular Interventions · doi:10.1124/mi.5.3.7 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Gao, W., Kearbey, J. D., Nair, V. A., Chung, K., Parlow, A. F., Miller, D. D., & Dalton, J. T. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0627 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Androgenic/Anabolic Steroid-Induced Toxic Hepatitis
Štimac, D., Milić, S., Dobrila-Dintinjana, R., Kovač, D., & Ristič, S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200210000-00013 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Labrie, F., Derogatis, L. R., Archer, D. F., Koltun, W. D., Vachon, A., Young, D. G., Frenette, L., Portman, D. J., Montesino, M., Côté, I., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.13045 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Olea, N., Sakabe, K., Soto, A. M., & Sonnenschein, C. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-3-1457 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator for Hormonal Male Contraception
Chen, J., Hwang, D., Bohl, C. E., Miller, D. D., & Dalton, J. T. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.104.075424 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Testosterone and sexual activity.
Vignozzi, L., Corona, G., Petrone, L., Filippi, S., Morelli, A., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Miller, C. P., Shomali, M., Lyttle, C. R., O'Dea, L. S. L., Herendeen, H., Gallacher, K., Paquin, D., Compton, D. R., Sahoo, B., Kerrigan, S. A., et al. (2010) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/ml1002508 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Androgen Receptor: A Complex Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer
Narayanan, R., & Dalton, J. T. (2016) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers8120108 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Jones, A. J., Hwang, D., Narayanan, R., Miller, D. D., & Dalton, J. T. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2010-0150 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Thevis, M., Geyer, H., Kamber, M., & Schänzer, W. (2009) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.91 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kohn, T. P., Louis, M. R., Pickett, S. M., Lindgren, M. C., Kohn, J. R., Pastuszak, A. W., & Lipshultz, L. I. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt, A., Kimmel, D. B., Bai, C., Scafonas, A., Rutledge, S., Vogel, R. L., McElwee-Witmer, S., Chen, F., Nantermet, P. V., Kasparcova, V., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.099002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Clark, R. V., Walker, A. C., Andrews, S. M., Turnbull, P., Wald, J. A., & Magee, M. H. (2017) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.13316 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dubois, V., Simitsidellis, I., Laurent, M. R., Jardí, F., Saunders, P. T. K., Vanderschueren, D., & Claessens, F. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1479 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Jones, A. J., Chen, J., Hwang, D., Miller, D. D., & Dalton, J. T. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0674 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cozzoli, A., Capogrosso, R. F., Sblendorio, V. T., Dinardo, M. M., Jagerschmidt, C., Namour, F., Camerino, G. M., & Luca, A. D. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Interaction between Testosterone and Apolipoprotein E ε4 Status on Cognition in Healthy Older Men
Burkhardt, M. S., Foster, J. K., Clarnette, R., Chubb, S. A. P., Bruce, D. G., Drummond, P. D., Martins, R. N., & Yeap, B. B. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1072 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Akita, K., Harada, K., Ichihara, J., Takata, N., Takahashi, Y., & Saito, K. (2013) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.042 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Is Testosterone a Food for the Brain?
Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Carosa, E., Sante, S. D., Gravina, G. L., Mollaioli, D., Gianfrilli, D., Lenzi, A., & Jannini, E. A. (2016) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Ostarine ™ in Cancer Cachexia
Zilbermint, M. F., & Dobs, A. S. (2009) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon.09.106 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Saeed, A., Vaught, G. M., Gavardinas, K., Matthews, D. P., Green, J. E., García‐Losada, P., Bullock, H. A., Calvert, N. A., Patel, N. J., Sweetana, S. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01168 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Treatment of hypogonadism: Current and future therapies
Thirumalai, A., Berkseth, K. E., & Amory, J. K. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.10102.1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Optimizing Ligand Efficiency of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)
Handlon, A. L., Schaller, L. T., Leesnitzer, L. M., Merrihew, R. V., Poole, C., Ulrich, J. C., Wilson, J. W., Cadilla, R., & Turnbull, P. (2015) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00377 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Shankaran, M., Shearer, T., Stimpson, S. A., Turner, S., King, C. L., Wong, P. A., Shen, Y., Turnbull, P., Kramer, F., Clifton, L. G., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00257.2015 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Enhance Female Sexual Motivation
Jones, A. J., Hwang, D., Duke, C. B., He, Y., Anjaiah, S., Miller, D. D., & Dalton, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.110.168880 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ponnusamy, S., Sullivan, R. D., You, D., Zafar, N., Yang, C. H., Thiyagarajan, T., Johnson, D. L., Barrett, M. L., Koehler, N. J., Star, M., et al. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx150 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, I., Tarabar, S., Liang, Y., Pradhan, V., Owens, J., & Oemar, B. (2016) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.025 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chisamore, M. J., Gentile, M. A., Dillon, G. M., Baran, M., Gambone, C. J., Riley, S., Schmidt, A., Flores, O. A., Wilkinson, H. A., & Alves, S. E. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wu, C. L., & Kovac, J. R. (2016) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0629-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Watanabe, K., Hirata, M., Tominari, T., Matsumoto, C., Endo, Y., Murphy, G., Nagase, H., Inada, M., & Miyaura, C. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.027 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Blanqué, R., Lepescheux, L., Auberval, M., Minet, D., Merciris, D., Cottereaux, C., Clément-Lacroix, P., Delerive, P., & Namour, F. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-291 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Controversies in Sexual Medicine
Jannini, E. A., Gravina, G. L., Mortengaler, A., Morales, Á., Incrocci, L., & Hellstrom, W. J. G. (2011) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02233.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nejishima, H., Yamamoto, N., Suzuki, M., Furuya, K., Nagata, N., & Yamada, S. (2012) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.22511 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hikichi, Y., Yamaoka, M., Kusaka, M., & Hara, T. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.052 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Schmidt, A., Meißner, R., Gentile, M. A., Chisamore, M. J., Opas, E. E., Scafonas, A., Cusick, T. E., Gambone, C. J., Pennypacker, B. L., Hodor, P. G., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Unwalla, R. J., Mousseau, J. J., Fadeyi, O., Choi, C., Parris, K. D., Hu, B., Kenney, T. F., Chippari, S. M., McNally, C., Vishwanathan, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00373 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Is Testosterone a Friend or a Foe of the Prostate?
Shindel, A. W. (2011) · Yearbook of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.yuro.2011.05.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gravina, G. L., Marampon, F., Sanità, P., Festuccia, C., Forcella, C., Scarsella, L., Jitariuc, A., Vetuschi, A., Sferra, R., Colapietro, A., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22776 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator in a Patient With Hormone-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer
Vontela, N. R., Koduri, V., Schwartzberg, L. S., & Vidal, G. A. (2017) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2017.0029 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation
Levenson, A. S., & Jordan, V. C. (2002) · Breast Cancer · doi:10.1201/b14039-10 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Labrie, F., Derogatis, L. R., Archer, D. F., & Martel, C. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.04.013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dalton (2009) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo_00000492 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Preclinical pharmacology of FL442, a novel nonsteroidal androgen receptor modulator
Poutiainen, P., Huhtala, T., Jääskeläinen, T. J., Petsalo, A., Küblbeck, J., Kaikkonen, S., Palvimo, J. J., Raunio, H., Närvänen, A. T. O., Peräkylä, M., et al. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation
Levenson, A. S., & Jordan, V. C. (2002) · Breast Cancer · doi:10.3109/9780203909249-12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carboranes in drug discovery, chemical biology and molecular imaging
Marfavi, A., Kavianpour, P., & Rendina, L. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-022-00400-x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Comparison of Anticancer Drug Toxicities: Paradigm Shift in Adverse Effect Profile
Basak, D., Arrighi, S., Darwiche, Y., & Deb, S. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12010048 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Estrogens in adipose tissue physiology and obesity-related dysfunction
Kuryłowicz, A. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030690 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research
Fan, W., Fan, L., Wang, Z., Mei, Y., Liu, L., Li, L., Yang, L., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Chen, H., Huang, X., Dong, M., Wen, S., Zhou, L., & Yuan, X. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s410834 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Muscle Wasting and Sarcopenia in Heart Failure—The Current State of Science
Lena, A., Anker, M. S., & Springer, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186549 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Liu, D., Wang, S., Liu, S., Wang, Q., Che, X., & Wu, G. (2024) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2024.101270 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Selective androgen receptor modulators: the future of androgen therapy?
Christiansen, A. R., Lipshultz, L. I., Hotaling, J. M., & Pastuszak, A. W. (2020) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2019.11.02 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Therapeutic Strategies for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Huang, L. T., Li, M., Deng, C., Qiu, J., Wang, K., Chang, M., Zhou, S., Gu, Y., Shen, Y., Wang, W., et al. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12010044 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Phthalate toxicity mechanisms: An update
Sree, C. G., Viswanath, B., Lakshmi, B. A., & Kim, Y. (2022) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109498 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The role of androgens in women's health and wellbeing
Bianchi, V. E., Bresciani, E., Meanti, R., Rizzi, L., Omeljaniuk, R. J., & Torsello, A. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105758 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Yin, L., Lü, L. T., Lin, X., & Wang, X. (2020) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-020-00446-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mohler, M. L., Sikdar, A., Ponnusamy, S., Hwang, D., He, Y., Miller, D. D., & Narayanan, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22042124 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Choupani, E., Gomari, M. M., Zanganeh, S., Nasseri, S., Haji-Allahverdipoor, K., Rostami, N., Hernandez, Y., Najafi, S., Saraygord‐Afshari, N., & Hosseini, A. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.122.000665 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Analytical Approaches in Human Sports Drug Testing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Solutions
Thevis, M., Walpurgis, K., & Thomas, A. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04639 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Drug Repurposing for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Ávalos-Moreno, M., López-Tejada, A., Blaya-Cánovas, J. L., Cara, F. E., González-González, A., Lorente, J. A., Sánchez‐Rovira, P., & Granados-Principal, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10040200 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The androgen receptor in bladder cancer
Chen, J., Huang, C., Quan, C., Zu, X., Ou, Z., Tsai, Y., Messing, E. M., Yeh, S., & Chang, C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-023-00761-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Vignali, J. D., Pak, K., Beverley, H. R., DeLuca, J. P., Downs, J. W., Kress, A. T., Sadowski, B. W., & Selig, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox13020017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Machek, S. B., Cardaci, T. D., Wilburn, D. T., & Willoughby, D. S. (2020) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Use, Misuse and Abuse of Testosterone and Other Androgens
Linhares, B. L., Miranda, E., Cintra, A., Reges, R., & Torres, L. O. (2021) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.10.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Hypogonadal Men
Wang, C., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2022) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Koller, T., Vrbová, P., Mečiarová, I., Molčan, P., Smitka, M., Selčanová, S. A., & Skladaný, Ľ. (2021) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i16.4062 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Androgen abuse: Risks and adverse effects in men
Grant, B., Hyams, E., Davies, R., Minhas, S., & Jayasena, C. N. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15187 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Clinical Implications of Androgen-Positive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Brumec, M., Sobočan, M., Takač, I., & Arko, D. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13071642 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ligandrol (LGD-4033)-Induced Liver Injury
Barbara, M., Dhingra, S., & Mindikoglu, A. L. (2020) · ACG Case Reports Journal · doi:10.14309/crj.0000000000000370 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vignera, S. L., Aversa, A., Cannarella, R., Condorelli, R. A., Duca, Y., Russo, G. I., & Calogero, A. E. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1817382 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature
Krzastek, S. C., & Smith, R. P. (2020) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2019.11.16 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“These compounds are currently being investigated as treatment options for hypogonadism, as they are orally administered and are relatively welltolerated with few adverse events, though some concern exists as to whether these lead to hepatotoxicity and decreased levels of HLD cholesterol (81).”
BackgroundBarbara, M., Dhingra, S., & Mindikoglu, A. L. (2020) · ACG Case Reports Journal · doi:10.14309/crj.0000000000000409 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hormonal Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Clinical Data
Hsu, S., & Bove, R. M. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01326-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Tian, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, R., Li, M., Tang, J., Bian, J., Li, Z., & Xu, X. J. (2022) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114119 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Desai, A., Yassin, M., Cayetano-Alcaráz, A. A., Tharakan, T., Jayasena, C. N., & Minhas, S. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Urology · doi:10.1177/17562872221105017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wen, J., Syed, B., Leapart, J., Shehabat, M., Ansari, U., Akhtar, M., Razick, D., & Pai, D. (2024) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15135 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lin, D., Zhang, L., Huang, C., & Shao, W. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Khodamoradi, K., Khosravizadeh, Z., Parmar, M., Kuchakulla, M., Ramasamy, R., & Arora, H. (2020) · F&S Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.11.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sheng, J. A., Tan, S. M. L., Hale, T. M., & Handa, R. J. (2021) · Androgens Clinical Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/andro.2021.0021 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Roles of Splicing Factors in Hormone-Related Cancer Progression
Takeiwa, T., Mitobe, Y., Ikeda, K., Horie‐Inoue, K., & Inoue, S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051551 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Laws, J. M., Caplan, N., Bruce, C., McGrogan, C., Lindsay, K., Wild, B., Debuse, D., Wotring, V., & Winnard, A. (2020) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.02.038 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Androgen Treatment in Adolescent Males With Hypogonadism
Rey, R. A., & Grinspon, R. P. (2020) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988320922443 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Performance‐enhancing drugs and the Olympics
Watson, C. J., Stone, G. L., Overbeek, D. L., Chiba, T., & Burns, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13431 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wang, J., Li, D., Zhao, B., Kim, J., Sui, G., & Shi, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052672 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yu, T., Nantasenamat, C., Kachenton, S., Anuwongcharoen, N., & Piacham, T. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c07346 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Olekšák, P., Nepovimová, E., Valko, M., Alwasel, S. H., Alomar, S. Y., & Kuča, K. (2024) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Recent advancement in the treatment of boys and adolescents with hypogonadism
Rey, R. A. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188211065660 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Niță, I., Niţipir, C., Toma, Ş. A., Limbău, A. M., Pîrvu, E. E., Bădărău, I. A., Suciu, I. M., Suciu, G. D., & Manolescu, L. S. C. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9030277 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nicotinamide Riboside Vitamin B3 Mitigated C26 Adenocarcinoma–Induced Cancer Cachexia
Park, J. M., Han, Y. M., Lee, H. J., Park, Y. J., & Hahm, K. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.665493 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Venkatesh, V. S., Grossmann, M., Zajac, J. D., & Davey, R. A. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13429 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Anabolic steroid misuse and male infertility: management and strategies to improve patient awareness
Whitaker, D. L., Geyer-Kim, G., & Kim, E. D. (2021) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2021.1921574 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ma, L., Vidana Gamage, H. E., Tiwari, S., Han, C., Henn, M. A., Krawczynska, N., Dibaeinia, P., Koelwyn, G. J., Das Gupta, A., Bautista Rivas, R. O., et al. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac072 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Khadela, A. D., Chavda, V. P., Soni, S., Megha, K., Pandya, A. J., & Vora, L. K. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15010233 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: An Emerging Liver Toxin
Mohideen, H., Hussain, H., Dahiya, D. S., & Wehbe, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology · doi:10.14218/jcth.2022.00207 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Targeting androgen receptor for prostate cancer therapy: From small molecules to PROTACs
Avgeris, I., Pliatsika, D., Nikolaropoulos, S. S., & Fousteris, M. A. (2022) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106089 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acute Myocarditis From the Use of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD-140 (Testolone)
Padappayil, R. P., Arjun, A. C., Acosta, J. V., Ghali, W., & Mughal, M. S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.21663 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chang, C., Chen, J., Chen, T.-H., & Chen, R. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27196666 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Secondary to Enobosarm: A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator
Weinblatt, D., & Roy, S. (2022) · Journal of Medical Cases · doi:10.14740/jmc3937 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hall, E., & Vrolijk, M. F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153330 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review
Vasireddi, N., Hahamyan, H. A., Gould, H. P., Gregory, A. J. M., Gausden, E. B., Dodson, C. C., Voos, J. E., & Calcei, J. G. (2025) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241252435 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tao, R. X., Liu, E., Zhao, X., Han, L., Yu, B., Mao, H., Yang, W., & Gao, X. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154169 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bohlin, K. P., Pohanka, A., Andersson, A., Villén, T., & Ekström, L. (2023) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3600 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
RAD-140 Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Leung, K. S.-S., Yaramada, P., Goyal, P., Cai, C. X., Thung, I., & Hammami, M. B. (2022) · Ochsner Journal · doi:10.31486/toj.22.0005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Adjuvant pharmacological strategies for the musculoskeletal system during long‐term space missions
Thomasius, F. E., Pesta, D. H., & Rittweger, J. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15877 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Boddiboyena, R., Sridhar, G., Reddy, G. N., Seelam, N., Sarma, M., Kolli, D., & Gudisela, M. R. (2024) · Results in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101334 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gaudiano, M. C., Aureli, F., Manna, L., Borioni, A., Maccelli, A., Raimondo, M., Giorgi, D. D., & Bartolomei, M. (2024) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/sexmed/qfae018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mohamed, W. T., Jahagirdar, V., Fatima, I., Ahmed, M., Jaber, F. S., Wang, K., Hassan, A. A., Ewing, E., Clarkston, W., & Likhitsup, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.35094 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Therapeutic effects of androgens for cachexia
Giovanelli, L., & Quinton, R. (2021) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2021.101598 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cardaci, T. D., Machek, S. B., Wilburn, D. T., Heileson, J. L., Harris, D. R., Cintineo, H. P., & Willoughby, D. S. (2022) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep090741 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The importance of androgen receptors in breast cancer
Niță, I., Niţipir, C., Toma, Ş. A., Limbău, A. M., Pîrvu, E. E., & Bădărău, I. A. (2021) · Medicine and Pharmacy Reports · doi:10.15386/mpr-1842 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Induced Hepatotoxicity
Khan, S., Fackler, J., Gilani, A., Murphy, S., & Polintan, L. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.22239 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yavuz, M., Takanlou, L. S., Avcı, Ç. B., & Demircan, T. (2023) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147390 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Obesity, Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer: Mechanistic Insights
Kashfi, K., Rosen, C. L., & Aslan, M. (2019) · Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis · doi:10.1615/critrevoncog.2019032959 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ostarine-Induced Myogenic Differentiation in C2C12, L6, and Rat Muscles
Leciejewska, N., Kolodziejski, P. A., Sassek, M., Nogowski, L., Małek, E., & Pruszyńska‐Oszmałek, E. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084404 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nash, E., Nicoll, A., Batt, N., George, J., Perananthan, V., Prince, D. S., Wallace, M., Gow, P. J., Vaz, K., Chitturi, S., et al. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.17906 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
El-Shaheny, R. N., Fuchigami, T., Yoshida, S., Radwan, M. O., & Nakayama, M. (2019) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2019.104107 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cancer cachexia in thoracic malignancy: a narrative review
Kidd, A. C., Skrzypski, M. T., Jamal‐Hanjani, M., & Blyth, K. G. (2019) · Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care · doi:10.1097/spc.0000000000000465 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kowalczyk, K., Torres-Elguera, J. C., Jarek, A., Konopka, A., Kwiatkowska, D., & Bulska, E. (2021) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3151 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stojko, M., Nocoń, J., Piłat, P., Szpila, G., Smolarczyk, J., Żmudka, K. J., Moll, M., & Hawranek, M. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59081439 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Oneda, E., Manno, A., Noventa, S., Libertini, M., Cherri, S., & Zaniboni, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1600425 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Asynchronous Bilateral Achilles Tendon Rupture with Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators
Gould, H. P., Hawken, J. B., Duvall, G. T., & Hammond, J. W. (2021) · JBJS Case Connector · doi:10.2106/jbjs.cc.20.00635 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kanemoto, Y., Iwaki, M., Sawada, T., Nojiri, K., Kurokawa, T., Tsutsumi, R., Nagasawa, K., & Kato, S. (2023) · Journal of Bone Metabolism · doi:10.11005/jbm.2023.30.3.219 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Homing in on a Moving Target: Androgen Receptor Cistromic Plasticity in Prostate Cancer
Eickhoff, N., Bergman, A. M., & Zwart, W. T. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac153 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Perananthan, V., & George, J. (2024) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2024.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Early investigational agents for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia’
Katsimperis, S. N., Kapriniotis, K., Manolitsis, I. S., Bellos, T. C., Angelopoulos, P., Juliebø‐Jones, P., Somani, B. K., Skolarikos, A. A., & Tzelves, L. I. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2024.2326023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jiang, L., Piribauer, M., Kostov, T., Steidel, S., Bizjak, D., Steinacker, J., Parr, M., & Diel, P. (2023) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.08.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advances in SARMs anti‐doping analysis
Slíž, K., & Mikuš, P. (2024) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3697 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Integrated management strategies for benign prostatic hyperplasia
Zhou, Y., Luo, Q., Wang, R., Zheng, D.-X., Xiong, Y., Zuo, J.-J., Wang, S.-S., & Zhong, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Urology · doi:10.3389/fruro.2025.1641171 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21st century
Greydanus, D. E., Ergun-Longmire, B., Cabral, M. D., Patel, D. R., & Dickson, C. A. (2022) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lesnak, J. B., Nakhla, D. S., Plumb, A. N., McMillan, A., Saha, S., Gupta, N., Xu, Y., Phruttiwanichakun, P., Rasmussen, L., Meyerholz, D. K., et al. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002841 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bhogireddy, D. N., Surapureddi, S. R. K., Syed, T., Thodupunuri, P., & Tadiboina, B. R. (2022) · Synthetic Communications · doi:10.1080/00397911.2022.2056846 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Transcribed Ultraconserved Regions: New regulators in cancer signaling and potential biomarkers
de Oliveira, J. C. (2023) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0125 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mertens, J. E., Bömmer, M. T. C., Regier, M. B., Gabriëls, G., Pavenstädt, H. J., Grünewald, I., Horvath, J. E., Trebicka, J., Schmidt, H., & Schlevogt, B. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-2165-6323 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Islam, M. S., Chen, L. W., & Segars, J. H. (2021) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000659 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Medical Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men
Mani, S. B., & Clavijo, R. I. (2022) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2021.12.008 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy in Cachexia: A Review of Endocrine Abnormalities and Steroid Pharmacotherapy
Celichowska, M., Miedziaszczyk, M., & Łącka, K. (2022) · Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/15360288.2022.2063469 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Frailty and sarcopenia—from theory to practice
Luk, J. K.-H., & Chan, D. K. (2022) · Hong Kong Medical Journal · doi:10.12809/hkmj219411 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids and Brain Damage: A Review of Evidence and Medico-Legal Implications
Chisari, M. G., Esposito, M., Allocca, S., Franco, S., Francaviglia, M., Volonnino, G., Rinaldi, R., Fazio, N. D., & Mauro, L. D. (2025) · Forensic Sciences · doi:10.3390/forensicsci5030031 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lasalle, C., Wang, Y., Morales, M., Giubellino, A., Amber, K. T., & Mansini, A. P. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17172828 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Performance Enhancing Drugs and Methods of Doping: Mode of Action and Dope Testing Methodologies
Chakotiya, A. S., & Sharma, R. K. (2023) · IARS International Research Journal · doi:10.51611/iars.irj.v13i01.2023.230 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Leading to Liver Injury: A Case Report
Demangone, M. R., Karam, K. R. A., & Li, J. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.67958 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Plumb, A. N., Lesnak, J. B., Rasmussen, L., & Sluka, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104723 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Demircan, T., Yavuz, M., & Bölük, A. (2025) · Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0118715206350735241224073200 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Design and Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole Incorporated Isoflavone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Koteswaraiah, M., Syed, T., Praveen, C., Gopireddy, R. R., Srinivas, U., & Thummaluru, V. (2023) · Polycyclic aromatic compounds · doi:10.1080/10406638.2023.2220863 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Solomon, Z. J., Mirabal, J. R., Mazur, D. J., Kohn, T. P., Lipshultz, L. I., & Pastuszak, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Urology Associates (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pastuszak, Alexander W.
- Venue
- Sexual Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-94
- ISSN
- 2050-0513 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-0521
- PMC
- PMC6326857
- OpenAlex
- W2903095656
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sexual Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Urology Care Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
- Keywords
- selective androgen receptor modulators, androgen receptor, anabolic steroids, cancer cachexia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hypogonadism, breast cancer, prostate cancer, sexual desire, lean muscle mass, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Breast Neoplasms, Cachexia, Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Receptors, Androgen, Androgen Receptor Antagonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
