The Liver X Receptor Is Selectively Modulated to Differentially Alter Female Mammary Metastasis-associated Myeloid Cells
Open accessAbstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis is associated with many diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are major upstream regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and are activated by endogenous cholesterol metabolites such as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). LXRs and various LXR ligands such as 27HC have been described to influence several extra-hepatic biological systems. However, disparate reports of LXR function have emerged, especially with respect to immunology and cancer biology. This would suggest that, similar to steroid nuclear receptors, the LXRs can be selectively modulated by different ligands. Here, we use RNA-sequencing of macrophages and single-cell RNA-sequencing of immune cells from metastasis-bearing murine lungs to provide evidence that LXR satisfies the 2 principles of selective nuclear receptor modulation: (1) different LXR ligands result in overlapping but distinct gene expression profiles within the same cell type, and (2) the same LXR ligands differentially regulate gene expression in a highly context-specific manner, depending on the cell or tissue type. The concept that the LXRs can be selectively modulated provides the foundation for developing precision pharmacology LXR ligands that are tailored to promote those activities that are desirable (proimmune), but at the same time minimizing harmful side effects (such as elevated triglyceride levels).
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27-hydroxycholesterol works through liver x receptors in myeloid immune cells to suppress T cell proliferation and function, stimulate secretion of pro-tumor extracellular vesicles, and promote tumor and metastatic growth.
“An oxysterol metabolite of cholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, was found to work through the liver x receptors in myeloid immune cells to robustly suppress T cell proliferation and function, and stimulate the secretion of pro-tumor extracellular vesicles, ultimately promoting the growth of tumors and metastatic lesions (17, 20–23).”
From Cholesterol efflux protein, ABCA1, supports anticancer functions of myeloid immune cells (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
The Abstract says 27HC’s effects on myeloid cells require LXR and impair T-cell expansion and function; it also describes protumoral and prometastatic effects. The cited paper does not report that 27HC stimulates secretion of pro-tumor extracellular vesicles (searched: extracellular vesicles, vesicles, exosomes). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTreatment of BMDMs with cholesterol is known to impair their support of T cell expansion, in part through conversion to the immune-suppressive 27-hydroxycholesterol and activation of the LXRs.
“Treatment of BMDMs with cholesterol is known to impair their support of T cell expansion, in part through conversion to the immune-suppressive 27-hydroxycholesterol and activation of the LXRs (22, 23).”
From Cholesterol efflux protein, ABCA1, supports anticancer functions of myeloid immune cells (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
The CYP27A1 Inhibitor section states that CYP27A1 converts cholesterol to 27HC and that removing this source of 27HC in BMDMs improved their ability to induce T-cell proliferation. The LXR Ligands section says 27HC suppresses macrophage activation of T cells and that suppression depends on macrophage LXR expression. Our copy does not report that treating BMDMs with cholesterol itself impaired their support of T-cell expansion; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“The effects of 27HC on myeloid immune cells have been attributed to its ability to selectively modulate liver x receptors (LXRs), major regulators of cholesterol homeostasis [14,16,17].”
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LRH-1 is a novel regulator of neutrophil-driven immune responses within the tumor microenvironmentPreprint
Wang, Y., Duong, B., Keeley, S., Krawczynska, N., Bendre, S. V., Schane, C. P., Weisser, E., Cobo-Vuilleumier, N., Kockaya, L. I., Fei, Y.-F., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676030
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Self-citationLRH-1 is a novel regulator of neutrophil-driven immune responses within the tumor microenvironment
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- Authors
- Ma, L., Vidana Gamage, H. E., Tiwari, S., Han, C., Henn, M. A., Krawczynska, N., Dibaeinia, P., Koelwyn, G. J., Das Gupta, A., Bautista Rivas, R. O., Wright, C. L., Xu, F., Moore, K. J., Sinha, S., & Nelson, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Erik R
- ORCID
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2022-05-15
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 7
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- PMC
- PMC9188661
- OpenAlex
- W4280503326
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA234025)
- National Institutes of Health
- Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Era of Hope Scholar Award (W81XWH-20-BCRP-EOHS/ BC200206)
- American Institute for Cancer Research (713063)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R35HL135799)
- NIH Chemistry-Biology Interface Training (T32-GM136629)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- liver X receptor, 27-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol homeostasis, breast cancer metastasis, myeloid cells, macrophages, lung metastasis, LXR ligands, precision pharmacology, gene expression profiling, single-cell RNA sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Liver X Receptors, Animals, Cholesterol, Female, Ligands, Macrophages, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, Receptors, Steroid, RNA, Myeloid Cells, Mice, Orphan Nuclear Receptors
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