The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biological interactions of quantum dot nanoparticles in skin and in human epidermal keratinocytes
Abstract
Quantum dots nanoparticles have novel optical properties for biomedical applications and electronics, but little is known about their skin permeability and interaction with cells. QD621 are nail-shaped nanoparticles that contain a cadmium/selenide core with a cadmium sulfide shell coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and are soluble in water. QD were topically applied to porcine skin flow-through diffusion cells to assess penetration at 1 microM, 2 microM and 10 microM for 24 h. QD were also studied in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to determine cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential. Confocal microscopy depicted the penetration of QD621 through the uppermost stratum corneum (SC) layers of the epidermis and fluorescence was found primarily in the SC and near hair follicles. QD were found in the intercellular lipid bilayers of the SC by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis for cadmium (Cd) and fluorescence for QD both did not detect Cd nor fluorescence signal in the perfusate at any time point or concentration. In HEK, viability decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 1.25 nM to 10 nM after 24 h and 48 h. There was a significant increase in IL-6 at 1.25 nM to 10 nM, while IL-8 increased from 2.5 nM to 10 nM after 24 h and 48 h. TEM of HEK treated with 10 nM of QD621 at 24 h depicted QD in cytoplasmic vacuoles and at the periphery of the cell membranes. These results indicate that porcine skin penetration of QD621 is minimal and limited primarily to the outer SC layers, yet if the skin were damaged allowing direct QD exposure to skin or keratinocytes, an inflammatory response could be initiated.
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In the citing paper
“Due to their small sizes, nanoparticles are highly advantageous for ultraviolet (UV) protection.”
From AN OVERVIEW OF NEW TRENDS IN THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, these formulations do have certain disadvantages such as the need for a greasy medium for breakdown, the production of chalky white skin residues, and the appearance of a thick, dense consistency [77].”
From AN OVERVIEW OF NEW TRENDS IN THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“These compounds can scatter, absorb, or reflect ultraviolet light.”
From AN OVERVIEW OF NEW TRENDS IN THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Their composition is altered at the nanoscale, giving them an undetectable appearance and better cosmetic results.”
From AN OVERVIEW OF NEW TRENDS IN THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“So, sunscreen can now be made transparent instead of white by using micro-and nano-sized UV filters, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.”
From AN OVERVIEW OF NEW TRENDS IN THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“As physical sunscreens they can filter out type A and type B UV rays.”
From AN OVERVIEW OF NEW TRENDS IN THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
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Metadata
- Authors
- ZHANG, L., YU, W., COLVIN, V, & MONTEIRORIVIERE, N.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Rice University (US)
- Venue
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-04-15
- Volume
- 228
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 200-211
- ISSN
- 0041-008X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084912727
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 20.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Keywords
- quantum dots, cadmium selenide nanoparticles, skin permeation, stratum corneum, human epidermal keratinocytes, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, inflammation, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, cadmium release, topical application, nanoparticle toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Animals, Cell Line, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Epidermis, Fluorescence, Fluorometry, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Interleukins, Particle Size, Polyethylene Glycols, Swine, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Keratinocytes, Microscopy, Confocal, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Receptor, EphA3, Quantum Dots, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Nanoparticles
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