The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and diabetes
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus (DM), the circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is suppressed, but the renal tissue RAS is activated. Hyperglycemia increases tissue angiotensin II (Ang II), which induces oxidative stress, endothelial damage and disease pathology including vasoconstriction, thrombosis, inflammation and vascular remodeling. In early DM, the type 1 Ang II (AT(1)) receptor is upregulated but the type 2 Ang II (AT(2)) receptor is downregulated. This imbalance can predispose the individual to tissue damage. Hyperglycemia also increases the production of aldosterone, which has an unknown contribution to tissue damage. The insulin resistance state is associated with upregulation of the AT(1) receptor and an increase in oxygen free radicals in endothelial tissue caused by activation of NAD(P)H oxidase. Treatment with an AT(1) receptor blocker normalizes oxidase activity and improves endothelial function. An understanding of the tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is a crucial factor in the progression of tissue damage in DM, is imperative for protection against tissue damage in this chronic disease.
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These fibrotic mechanisms can damage tissue and potentially alter insulin release and sensitivity.
“These mechanisms can lead to tissue damage, potentially resulting in altered insulin release and sensitivity ().”
From Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management (2017) · cites this paper as [170]
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Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies
Kassi, E., Pervanidou, P., Kaltsas, G., & Chrousos, G. (2011) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-48 · Cited by 1,565 · see citing works
Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Complications
Singh, V. P., Bali, A., Singh, N., & Jaggi, A. S. (2014) · The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
Hunyady, L., & Catt, K. J. (2006) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2004-0536 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The cardio-renal-metabolic connection: a review of the evidence
Marassi, M., & Fadini, G. P. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01937-x · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Primary Aldosteronism
Fallo, F., Veglio, F., Bertello, C., Sonino, N., Della Mea, P., Ermani, M., Rabbia, F., Federspil, G., & Mulatero, P. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1733 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Insulin Sensitivity in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism: A Follow-Up Study
Catena, C., Lapenna, R., Baroselli, S., Nadalini, E., Colussi, G., Novello, M., Favret, G., Melis, A., Cavarape, A., & Sechi, L. A. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0736 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationGiacchetti, G., Ronconi, V., Turchi, F., Agostinelli, L., Mantero, F., Rilli, S., & Boscaro, M. (2007) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3280108e6f · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationWada, T., Kenmochi, H., Miyashita, Y., Sasaki, M., Ojima, M., Sasahara, M., Koya, D., Tsuneki, H., & Sasaoka, T. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0869 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Hanslik, G., Wallaschofski, H., Dietz, A., Riester, A., Reincke, M., Allolio, B., Lang, K., Quack, I., Rump, L. C., Willenberg, H. S., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0450 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Colussi, G., Catena, C., Lapenna, R., Nadalini, E., Chiuch, A., & Sechi, L. A. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0525 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management
Scaroni, C., Zilio, M., Foti, M., & Boscaro, M. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1105 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Hitomi, H., Kiyomoto, H., Nishiyama, A., Hara, T., Moriwaki, K., Kaifu, K., Ihara, G., Fujita, Y., Ugawa, T., & Kohno, M. (2007) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.093955 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Chaudhuri, A., Ghanim, H., & Arora, P. (2022) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14601 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Serum aldosterone concentration and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Cascella, T., Palomba, S., Tauchmanovà, L., Manguso, F., Di Biase, S., Labella, D., Giallauria, F., Vigorito, C., Colao, A., Lombardi, G., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0399 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Modulation of glucose metabolism by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Favre, G. A., Esnault, V. L. M., & Van Obberghen, E. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00391.2014 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Primary Aldosteronism Is Associated With Cortisol Cosecretion
Gerards, J., Heinrich, D. A., Adolf, C., Meisinger, C., Rathmann, W., Sturm, L., Nirschl, N., Bidlingmaier, M., Beuschlein, F., Thorand, B., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00299 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Adiponectin and Insulin Sensitivity in Primary Aldosteronism
FALLO, F., DELLAMEA, P., SONINO, N., BERTELLO, C., ERMANI, M., VETTOR, R., VEGLIO, F., & MULATERO, P. (2007) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.03.012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Role of aldosterone and angiotensin II in insulin resistance: an update
Lastra‐Lastra, G., Sowers, J. R., Restrepo‐Erazo, K., Manrique‐Acevedo, C., & Lastra‐González, G. (2009) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03498.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wada, T., Miyashita, Y., Sasaki, M., Aruga, Y., Nakamura, Y., Ishii, Y., Sasahara, M., Kanasaki, K., Kitada, M., Koya, D., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00419.2013 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pavlatou, M. G., Mastorakos, G., Lekakis, I., Liatis, S., Vamvakou, G., Zoumakis, E., Papassotiriou, I., Rabavilas, A. D., Katsilambros, N., & Chrousos, G. P. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701476621 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Aldosterone: A cardiovascular risk factor?
Funder, J. W., & Reincke, M. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.08.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ronconi, V., Turchi, F., Rilli, S., Di Mattia, D., Agostinelli, L., Boscaro, M., & Giacchetti, G. (2010) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.03.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of excess aldosterone on glucose homeostasis in adult male rat
Selvaraj, J., Muthusamy, T., Srinivasan, C., & Balasubramanian, K. (2009) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.030 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kugathasan, L., Aronson, Y., Sridhar, V. S., Ni, H., Ouimet, J.-P., Limonte, C. P., Sarma, S., & Cherney, D. Z. I. (2025) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2025.2537446 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Giacchetti, G., Sechi, L. A., Rilli, S., & Carey, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- University of Udine (IT)
- University of Virginia Health System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carey, Robert M.
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 120-126
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2026437193
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
- Keywords
- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, diabetes mellitus, angiotensin II, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, angiotensin II type 2 receptor, aldosterone, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, NADPH oxidase, angiotensin receptor blockers, tissue damage, vascular remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Aldosterone, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose, Humans, Renin-Angiotensin System
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