LXR Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: From Development to Disease
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pathway analyses identified immune-related pathways that may be relevant for the mechanisms of microglial aging, including STAT-3 and IL-6 signaling, and LXR/RXR activation.
“Our pathway analyses identified immune-related pathways that may be of relevance for the mechanisms of microglial aging, including STAT-3 and IL-6 signaling, as well as LXR/RXR activation, which has emerged as a key player in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the brain with a potential role in neurodegenerative disorders65–67.”
From Genetic analysis of the human microglial transcriptome across brain regions, aging and disease pathologies (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Microglial cell origin and phenotypes in health and disease
Saijo, K., & Glass, C. K. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3086 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylase: an enzyme of cholesterol turnover in the brain
Russell, D. W., Halford, R. W., Ramirez, D. M. O., Shah, R., & Kotti, T. (2009) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103859 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
HDL and cholesterol handling in the brain
Vitali, C., Wellington, C. L., & Calabresi, L. (2014) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu148 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Statin-mediated Inhibition of Small G-protein Function
Cordle, A., Koenigsknecht-Talboo, J., Wilkinson, B., Limpert, A., & Landreth, G. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m505268200 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationTerwel, D., Steffensen, K. R., Verghese, P. B., Kummer, M. P., Gustafsson, J.-Å., Holtzman, D. M., & Heneka, M. T. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6546-10.2011 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Lee, C. Y. D., Tse, W., Smith, J. D., & Landreth, G. E. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.295451 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Savage, J. C., Jay, T., Goduni, E., Quigley, C., Mariani, M. M., Malm, T., Ransohoff, R. M., Lamb, B. T., & Landreth, G. E. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4586-14.2015 · Cited by 154 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Recently, it was shown that LXRs exhibit similar transrepressive activities in microglia [3] and regulate the activity of microglial phagocytic receptors such as the tyrosine kinase MerTK [56,57], although the role of inflammatory regulation by LXRs in microglia remains to be fully elucidated.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHong, C., Duit, S., Jalonen, P., Out, R., Scheer, L., Sorrentino, V., Boyadjian, R., Rodenburg, K. W., Foley, E., Korhonen, L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.123729 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Feedback Regulation of Cholesterol Uptake by the LXR–IDOL–LDLR Axis
Zhang, L., Reue, K., Fong, L. G., Young, S. G., & Tontonoz, P. (2012) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.112.250571 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Liver X receptors alpha and beta promote myelination and remyelination in the cerebellum
Meffre, D., Shackleford, G., Hichor, M., Gorgievski, V., Tzavara, E. T., Trousson, A., Ghoumari, A. M., Deboux, C., Nait Oumesmar, B., Liere, P., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1424951112 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative diseases
Skerrett, R., Malm, T., & Landreth, G. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.019 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationThe LXR–Idol Axis Differentially Regulates Plasma LDL Levels in Primates and Mice
Hong, C., Marshall, S. M., McDaniel, A. L., Graham, M., Layne, J. D., Cai, L., Scotti, E., Boyadjian, R., Kim, J., Chamberlain, B. T., et al. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Liver X receptors regulate cholesterol homeostasis in oligodendrocytes
Nelissen, K., Mulder, M., Smets, I., Timmermans, S., Smeets, K., Ameloot, M., & Hendriks, J. J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22743 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bexarotene-Activated Retinoid X Receptors Regulate Neuronal Differentiation and Dendritic Complexity
Mounier, A., Georgiev, D., Nam, K. N., Fitz, N. F., Castranio, E. L., Wolfe, C. M., Cronican, A. A., Schug, J., Lefterov, I., & Koldamova, R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1001-15.2015 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sorrentino, V., Scheer, L., Santos, A., Reits, E., Bleijlevens, B., & Zelcer, N. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.249557 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Choi, J., Gao, J., Kim, J., Hong, C., Kim, J., & Tontonoz, P. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad1904 · Cited by 49 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The IDOL KO appeared to facilitate microglial clearance of Aβ, likely through permitting increased expression of LDLR that can act as a receptor for apoE, Aβ, or complexed apoE/Aβ species [30].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 66
- [2]Romanoski CE Exploiting genomics and natural genetic variation to decode macrophage enhancers. Trends Immunol 2015 36 507 518 26298065 PMC4548828
- [3]Saijo K Regulation of microglia activation and deactivation by nuclear receptors. Glia 2013 61 104 111 22987512
- [6]Gabbi C Action mechanisms of Liver X Receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 2014 446 647 650 24300092
- [7]Matsuda A 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is actively eliminated from neuronal cells by ABCA1. J. Neurochem 2013 126 93 101 23600914
- [8]Sun M-Y 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol as a Modulator of Neuronal Signaling and Survival. Neuroscientist 2015 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414568122 PMC4821654 25628343 · DOI
- [9]Okabe A Adaptive responses induced by 24S-hydroxycholesterol through liver X receptor pathway reduce 7-ketocholesterol-caused neuronal cell death. Redox Biol 2013 2 28 35 24371802 PMC3871289
- [10]Moutinho M Cholesterol 24S-Hydroxylase Overexpression Inhibits the Liver X Receptor (LXR) Pathway by Activating Small Guanosine Triphosphate-Binding Proteins (sGTPases) in Neuronal Cells. Mol. Neurobiol 2015 51 1489 1503 25084760
- [11]Noguchi N Diverse functions of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in the brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 2014 446 692 696 24530911
- [12]Noguchi N New aspects of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in modulating neuronal cell death. Free Radic. Biol. Med 2015 87 366 372 26164631
- [13]Paul SM The major brain cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is a potent allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J. Neurosci 2013 33 17290 17300 24174662 PMC3812502
- [14]Linsenbardt AJ Different oxysterols have opposing actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2014 85 232 242 24878244 PMC4107067
- [15]Luu W Oxysterols: Old Tale, New Twists. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol 2016 56 447 467 26738477
- [16]Mateos L Side chain-oxidized oxysterols regulate the brain renin-angiotensin system through a liver X receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem 2011 286 25574 25585 21628469 PMC3138324
- [17]Zhang D-D 27-Hydroxycholesterol contributes to disruptive effects on learning and memory by modulating cholesterol metabolism in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2015 300 163 173 25987203
- [18]Heverin M 27-hydroxycholesterol mediates negative effects of dietary cholesterol on cognition in mice. Behav. Brain Res 2015 278 356 359 25453744
- [19]Prasanthi JR Differential effects of 24-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol on beta-amyloid precursor protein levels and processing in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Mol. Neurodegener 2009 4 1 19126211 PMC2654562
- [20]Gamba P Up-regulation of β-amyloidogenesis in neuron-like human cells by both 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol: protective effect of N-acetyl-cysteine. Aging Cell 2014 13 561 572 24612036 PMC4326893
- [21]Scott Kim W Impact of 27-hydroxycholesterol on amyloid-$beta$ peptide production and ATP-binding cassette transporter expression in primary human neurons. J. Alzheimers. Dis 2009 16 121 131 19158428
- [22]Liu C-C Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nat. Rev. Neurol 2013 9 106 118 23296339 PMC3726719
- [23]Lane-Donovan C More than cholesterol transporters: lipoprotein receptors in CNS function and neurodegeneration. Neuron 2014 83 771 787 25144875 PMC4240629
- [24]Zelcer N LXR regulates cholesterol uptake through Idol-dependent ubiquitination of the LDL receptor. Science 2009 325 100 104 19520913 PMC2777523
- [26]Sorrentino V The LXR-IDOL axis defines a clathrin-, caveolae-, and dynamin-independent endocytic route for LDLR internalization and lysosomal degradation. J. Lipid Res 2013 54 2174 2184 23733886 PMC3708367
- [29]Do HT Reciprocal regulation of very low density lipoprotein receptors (VLDLRs) in neurons by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Reelin: involvement of the E3 ligase Mylip/Idol. J. Biol. Chem 2013 288 29613 29620 23990472 PMC3795259
- [31]Nelson JK The Deubiquitylase USP2 Regulates the LDLR Pathway by Counteracting the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase IDOL. Circ. Res 2016 118 410 419 26666640
- [32]Nelson JK Deubiquitylase Inhibition Reveals Liver X Receptor-independent Transcriptional Regulation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase IDOL and Lipoprotein Uptake. J. Biol. Chem 2016 291 4813 4825 26719329 PMC4813502
- [33]Fan X Expression of liver X receptor beta is essential for formation of superficial cortical layers and migration of later-born neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2008 105 13445 13450 18768805 PMC2533209
- [34]Xing Y Liver X receptor agonist treatment promotes the migration of granule neurons during cerebellar development. J. Neurochem 2010 115 1486 1494 20950333
- [35]Pinto CL Lxr regulates lipid metabolic and visual perception pathways during zebrafish development. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol 2016 419 29 43 26427652 PMC4684448
- [36]Wang L Liver X receptors in the central nervous system: from lipid homeostasis to neuronal degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2002 99 13878 13883 12368482 PMC129791
- [37]Andersson S Inactivation of liver X receptor beta leads to adult-onset motor neuron degeneration in male mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2005 102 3857 3862 15738425 PMC553330
- [38]Kim H-J Liver X receptor (LXR): A link between -sitosterol and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Parkinson's dementia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008 105 2094 2099 PMC2542868 18238900
- [39]Sacchetti P Liver X Receptors and Oxysterols Promote Ventral Midbrain Neurogenesis In Vivo and in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009 5 409 419 19796621
- [40]Theofilopoulos S Brain endogenous liver X receptor ligands selectively promote midbrain neurogenesis. Nat. Chem. Biol 2013 9 126 133 23292650
- [41]Theofilopoulos S Cholestenoic acids regulate motor neuron survival via liver X receptors. J. Clin. Invest 2014 124 4829 4842 25271621 PMC4347238
- [42]Makoukji J Interplay between LXR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the negative regulation of peripheral myelin genes by oxysterols. J. Neurosci 2011 31 9620 9629 21715627 PMC6623163
- [44]Xu P Liver X receptor β is essential for the differentiation of radial glial cells to oligodendrocytes in the dorsal cortex. Mol. Psychiatry 2014 19 947 957 24934178
- [47]Shackleford G Differential regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by Liver X Receptors in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol 2013 86 106 114 ’ghjacumu 23500534
- [48]Gabbi C Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in LXRβ−/− mice is associated with a reduction in aquaporin-1 expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008 105 15052 15057 PMC2567491 18806227
- [49]Gabbi C Central diabetes insipidus associated with impaired renal aquaporin-1 expression in mice lacking liver X receptor β. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2012 109 3030 3034 22323586 PMC3286995
- [50]Dai Y-B Liver X receptors regulate cerebrospinal fluid production. Mol. Psychiatry 2015 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.133 26324101 · DOI · Paper page
- [51]Spann NJ Glass CK Sterols and oxysterols in immune cell function. Nat. Immunol 2013 14 893 900 23959186
- [54]Churchward MA Todd KG Statin treatment affects cytokine release and phagocytic activity in primary cultured microglia through two separable mechanisms. Mol. Brain 2014 7 85 25424483 PMC4247600
- [56]A-Gonzalez N Apoptotic cells promote their own clearance and immune tolerance through activation of the nuclear receptor LXR. Immunity 2009 31 245 258 19646905 PMC2791787
- [58]Tan X-J Anxiety in liver X receptor β knockout female mice with loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2012 109 7493 7498 22529354 PMC3358830
- [59]Yang Y Activation of liver X receptor is protective against ethanol-induced developmental impairment of Bergmann glia and Purkinje neurons in the mouse cerebellum. Mol. Neurobiol 2014 49 176 186 23900741
- [60]Namjoshi DR The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2013 8 e53529 23349715 PMC3547922
- [61]Morales JR Activation of liver X receptors promotes neuroprotection and reduces brain inflammation in experimental stroke. Circulation 2008 118 1450 1459 18794391
- [62]Sironi L Treatment with LXR agonists after focal cerebral ischemia prevents brain damage. FEBS Lett 2008 582 3396 3400 18789330 PMC3059157
- [63]Bigini P Neuropathologic and biochemical changes during disease progression in liver X receptor beta−/− mice, a model of adult neuron disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 2010 69 593 605 20467332
- [64]Zelcer N Attenuation of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology by liver x receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2007 104 10601 10606 17563384 PMC1890560
- [65]Koldamova R The role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in Alzheimer's disease and neurodegeneration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2010 1801 824 830 20188211 PMC3712769
- [67]Yu S Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J. Biol. Chem 2012 287 42195 42205 23105114 PMC3516764
- [69]Quintanilla RA Role of PPAR γ in the Differentiation and Function of Neurons. PPAR Res 2014 2014 768594 25246934 PMC4160645
- [70]Theofilopoulos S Arenas E Liver X receptors and cholesterol metabolism: role in ventral midbrain development and neurodegeneration. F1000Prime Rep 2015 7 37 26097711 PMC4447034
- [71]Tachibana M Rescuing effects of RXR agonist bexarotene on aging-related synapse loss depend on neuronal LRP1. Exp. Neurol 2016 277 1 9 26688581 PMC4761336
- [72]Sandoval-Hernández AG Role of Liver X Receptor in AD Pathophysiology. PLoS One 2015 10 e0145467 26720273 PMC4697813
- [73]Sandoval-Hernández AG Liver X Receptor Agonist Modifies the DNA Methylation Profile of Synapse and Neurogenesis-Related Genes in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J. Mol. Neurosci 2016 58 243 253 26553261
- [74]Cui W Liver X receptor activation attenuates inflammatory response and protects cholinergic neurons in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2012 210 200 210 22425753
- [75]Dai Y-B Liver X receptor β protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2012 109 13112 13117 22826221 PMC3420187
- [76]Cheng D Regulation of alpha-synuclein expression by liver X receptor ligands in vitro. Neuroreport 2008 19 1685 1689 18841091
- [77]Marwarha G The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol regulates α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase expression levels in human neuroblastoma cells through modulation of liver X receptors and estrogen receptors--relevance to Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem 2011 119 1119 1136 21951066 PMC3217121
- [78]Leoni V Caccia C The impairment of cholesterol metabolism in Huntington disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2015 1851 1095 1105 25596342
- [79]Boussicault L CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation, is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease. Brain 2016 139 953 970 26912634 PMC4766376
- [80]Shafaati M Enhanced production of 24S-hydroxycholesterol is not sufficient to drive liver X receptor target genes in vivo. J. Intern. Med 2011 270 377 387 21486371
- [82]Futter M Wild-type but not mutant huntingtin modulates the transcriptional activity of liver X receptors. J. Med. Genet 2009 46 438 446 19451134 PMC2696822
- [83]Skerrett R Combined Liver X Receptor/Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Agonist Treatment Reduces Amyloid β Levels and Improves Behavior in Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 Mice. J. Biol. Chem 2015 290 21591 21602 26163517 PMC4571883
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liver X receptors in lipid signalling and membrane homeostasis
Wang, B., & Tontonoz, P. (2018) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0037-x · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Lopes, K. D. P., Snijders, G. J. L., Humphrey, J., Allan, A., Sneeboer, M. A. M., Navarro, E., Schilder, B. M., Vialle, R. A., Parks, M., Missall, R., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00976-y · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Transcriptional control of microglia phenotypes in health and disease
Holtman, I. R., Skola, D., & Glass, C. K. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90604 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of lipids on microglia function
Leyrolle, Q., Layé, S., & Nadjar, A. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134348 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cotto, B., Natarajaseenivasan, K., Ferrero, K., Wesley, L., Sayre, M., & Langford, D. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23291 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained by a dynamic balance between cholesterol efflux controlled by LXR signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis triggered through SREBP2 activation (Courtney & Landreth 2016).”
BackgroundLütjohann, D., Lopez, A. M., Chuang, J., Kerksiek, A., & Turley, S. D. (2018) · Lipids · doi:10.1002/lipd.12041 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Courtney, R., & Landreth, G. E.
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 404-414
- ISSN
- 1043-2760
- PMC
- PMC4986614
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 16
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review