Bexarotene-Activated Retinoid X Receptors Regulate Neuronal Differentiation and Dendritic Complexity
Open accessAbstract
Bexarotene-activated retinoid X receptors (RXRs) ameliorate memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models, including mice expressing human apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms. The goal of this study was to gain further insight into molecular mechanisms whereby ligand-activated RXR can affect or restore cognitive functions. We used an unbiased approach to discover genome-wide changes in RXR cistrome (ChIP-Seq) and gene expression profile (RNA-Seq) in response to bexarotene in the cortex of APOE4 mice. Functional categories enriched in both datasets revealed that bexarotene-liganded RXR affected signaling pathways associated with neurogenesis and neuron projection development. To further validate the significance of RXR for these functions, we used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, primary neurons, and APOE3 and APOE4 mice treated with bexarotene. In vitro data from ES cells confirmed that bexarotene-activated RXR affected neuronal development at different levels, including proliferation of neural progenitors and neuronal differentiation, and stimulated neurite outgrowth. This effect was validated in vivo by demonstrating an increased number of neuronal progenitors after bexarotene treatment in the dentate gyrus of APOE3 and APOE4 mice. In primary neurons, bexarotene enhanced the dendritic complexity characterized by increased branching, intersections, and bifurcations. This effect was confirmed by in vivo studies demonstrating that bexarotene significantly improved the compromised dendritic structure in the hippocampus of APOE4 mice. We conclude that bexarotene-activated RXRs promote genetic programs involved in the neurogenesis and development of neuronal projections and these results have significance for the improvement of cognitive deficits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Bexarotene-activated retinoid X receptors (RXRs) ameliorate memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models, including mice expressing human apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms. The goal of this study was to gain further insight into molecular mechanisms whereby ligand-activated RXR can affect or restore cognitive functions. We used an unbiased approach to discover genome-wide changes in RXR cistrome (ChIP-Seq) and gene expression profile (RNA-Seq) in response to bexarotene in the cortex of APOE4 mice. Functional categories enriched in both datasets revealed that liganded RXR affected signaling pathways associated with neurogenesis and neuron projection development. The significance of RXR for these functions was validated in mouse embryonic stem cells, primary neurons, and APOE3 and APOE4 mice treated with bexarotene.
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Bexarotene treatment induced RXRα binding to the target region around the LXR response element sequence in the APOE promoter region in U87-control cells (+bexarotene: 1.35-fold).
“As previously reported (38), bexarotene treatment induced RXRα binding to the target region, around the LXR response element sequence in the APOE promoter region in U87-control cells (+bexarotene: 1.35-fold).”
From Nuclear SphK2/S1P signaling is a key regulator of ApoE production and Aβ uptake in astrocytes (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
The section on ChIP-Seq findings reports that bexarotene increased RXR binding at selected genomic sites in APOE4 mouse cortices and P19 neuronal cells (page unavailable). It does not report RXRα binding at the APOE promoter’s LXR response element in U87-control cells or a 1.35-fold increase. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredApoE has been implicated as a vital factor for synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, and injury repair.
“ApoE, a critical cholesterol transport protein, has been implicated as a vital factor for synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, and injury repair124142.”
From Neuronally-directed effects of RXR activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2017) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Mounier, A., Georgiev, D., Nam, K. N., Fitz, N. F., Castranio, E. L., Wolfe, C. M., Cronican, A. A., Schug, J., Lefterov, I., & Koldamova, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-08-26
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 11862-11876
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4549399
- OpenAlex
- W1927788271
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH, W81XWH1310384, W81XWH-13)
- National Institutes of Health (W81XWH, ES024233, ES021243, AG037919)
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG044490, R01AG037481, AG037481, AG037919, R01AG037919)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES021243, ES021243, R01ES024233, ES024233)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- bexarotene, retinoid X receptor, Alzheimer's disease, APOE ε4, APOE3, neuronal differentiation, dendritic complexity, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, neuronal progenitor proliferation, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, memory impairment, gene expression profiling, cognitive function, mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, retinoids
- MeSH terms
- Bexarotene, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Dendrites, Female, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Pregnancy, Tetrahydronaphthalenes, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Retinoid X Receptors, Mice, Rats, Neurogenesis
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