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The hidden island of addiction: the insula
Open accessAbstract
Most prior research on the neurobiology of addiction has focused on the role of subcortical systems, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum and mesolimbic dopamine system, in promoting the motivation to seek drugs. Recent evidence indicates that a largely overlooked structure, the insula, plays a crucial part in conscious urges to take drugs. The insula has been highlighted as a region that integrates interoceptive (i.e. bodily) states into conscious feelings and into decision-making processes that involve uncertain risk and reward. Here, we propose a model in which the processing of the interoceptive effects of drug use by the insula contributes to conscious drug urges and to decision-making processes that precipitate relapse.
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“Consistent with this hypothesis, imaging studies have reported differential activation of the insula during craving, possibly reflecting interoceptive cues and hypothesised to involve CRF activation (table 2, circuit 18).54,117,118”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The insula has long been implicated in drug cravings, the maintenance of drug-seeking behavior, and the regulation of distress during withdrawal [1,6,71].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dysfunction of interoception is increasingly recognized as an important component of different mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, addictive disorders, and somatic symptom disorders.”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Drug addiction, another condition marked by interoceptive disturbances, has an overlapping neural circuitry and abnormal responses to interoceptive cues (101–104).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The insula appears to have an interoceptive function that integrates autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges.54”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“For one, the AI, dACC and dlPFC activate synchronously in response to uncertainty in the environment; these regions overlap with areas implicated in negative mood states (Feinstein et al., 2006; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Davis and Hasson, 2016).”
From Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits of the salience network: A central pathway in psychiatric disease and treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
In the citing paper
“It has also been associated with depression, anxiety or substance abuse (for reviews cf. Craig, 2009; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation of the insula during craving (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation of the insula during craving (95).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions and supports interoceptive functions, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation and providing conscious awareness of these urges (95).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation in the insula during craving (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara 2009
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g., ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara 2009
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the insula integrates emotional information to and from limbic and cortical areas and is involved in the representation of interoceptive responses to emotionally salient and rewarding stimuli, such as drug craving, urgency, and impulsivity (Bonson et al., 2002; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Villafuerte et al., 2011).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
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“Recent work has consistently demonstrated that insular cortex dysfunction is associated with addiction (Paulus, 2007; Goldstein et al., 2009; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009), particularly poor decision making that may contribute to continued drug taking in the face of significant negative consequences…”
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“This is consistentwith theproposal that the IC is a key brain area modulating the disrupting nature of interoceptive cues on choice processes involved in drug use and relapse (Cisler et al., 2013; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009, 2010; Volkow and Baler, 2014).”
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“This led to the hypothesis that the interoceptive functions of the insula may be involved in the generation of a subjective feeling of craving (Contreras et al., 2007; Gray and Critchley, 2007; Paulus, 2007; Naqvi and Bechara, 2008; Paulus et al., 2009).”
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“Recent studies have provided strong evidence for a role of the insula in nicotine addiction (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
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“According to the neuro-circuitry model of addiction (12, 41, 42), enhanced interactions between the insula and ACC may be related to elevated salience for addictive substance and related cues at the expense of other activities.”
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“Insular dysfunction or hypofunction has also been associated with neurological disorders, such as frontotemporal dementia [76] and spatial neglect [77, 78], as well as with common neuropsychiatric disorders [79] such as schizophrenia [80, 81], depression [82, 83], autism [54, 84], eating disorders [85], anxiety [86, 8…”
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“For example, altered insula activity has often been observed in neuroimaging studies of drug craving and drug cue reactivity (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Tang et al, 2012; Wang et al, 2007) as well as in hunger-related responses to food cues (Malik et al, 2008; Porubska et al, 2006; Simmons et al,…”
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“…on addictive behavior have revealed that the consumption decision is underlain by anomalies in somatic states when addicts think of a risky decision that is not beneficial in the long term (Verdejo-García & Bechara, 2009; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009; Volkow, Fowler, Wang, Baler, & Telang, 2009).”
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“Different regions of interest can also be explored, including the insula, which has been found to play a major role in drug craving and mediating other addiction phenotypes, such as executive functioning [116–119].”
Althaus, M., Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Minderaa, R. B., Kema, I. P., Dijck-Brouwer, J., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.007 · Cited by 29
Increased error-related thalamic activity during early compared to late cocaine abstinence
Li, C. R., Luo, X., Sinha, R., Rounsaville, B. J., Carroll, K. M., Malison, R. T., Ding, Y., Zhang, S., & Ide, J. S. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.008 · Cited by 31
Janes, A. C., Ross, R. S., Farmer, S., Frederick, B. B., Nickerson, L. D., Lukas, S. E., & Stern, C. E. (2015) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12112 · Cited by 28
“Combined with the current finding, we suggest that the insula’s involvement in retrieval of addiction-associated stimuli may facilitate relapse vulnerability, which is in line with the somatic marker theory of addiction (Naqvi & Bechara 2009; Verdejo-Garcia & Bechara 2009).”
BackgroundResultAltered dynamics between neural systems sub-serving decisions for unhealthy food
He, Q., Xiao, L., Xue, G., Wong, S. W. H., Ames, S. L., Xie, B., & Bechara, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00350 · Cited by 28
“…of the insular cortex in translating interoceptive signals into what one may subjectively experience as a feeling of desire, anticipation or urge (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Noel et al., 2013), we suggest that engaging the insula system increases the urge or craving for high calorie food by (1)…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationGray-matter structure in long-term abstinent methamphetamine users
Nie, L., Zhao, Z., Wen, X., Luo, W. F., Ju, T., Ren, A., Wu, B., & Li, J. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02567-3 · Cited by 27
“The insula cortex plays an integral role in executive functions, as well as processing motivational states [28, 29].”
BackgroundEffects of early ketamine exposure on cerebral gray matter volume and functional connectivity
Hung, C., Liu, Y.-H., Huang, C., Chou, C., Chen, C., Duann, J., Li, C. R., Lee, T. S., & Lin, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72320-z · Cited by 29
Behavioral, hormonal, and neural alterations induced by social contagion for pain in mice
Baptista‐de‐Souza, D., Tavares, L. R. R., Canto‐de‐Souza, L., Nunes‐de‐Souza, R. L., & Canto‐de‐Souza, A. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108878 · Cited by 30
Zeng, J., You, L., Yang, F., Luo, Y., Yu, S., Yan, J., Liu, M., & Yang, X. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26249 · Cited by 27
“…disorder; SPM, statistical parametric mapping; R, right; L, left; MTA, medial temporal area; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; DS, dorsal striatum; VS, ventral striatum. motivational processes and risk prediction possibly because of its role in awareness of the interoceptive state (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundKoob, G. F., Kandel, D. B., Baler, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_29-1 · Cited by 31
Y oga for addictions: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials
Posadzki, P., Choi, J., Lee, M. S., & Ernst, E. (2014) · Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1111/fct.12080 · Cited by 28
Through a glass darkly: Some insights on change talk via magnetoencephalography.
Houck, J. M., Moyers, T. B., & Tesche, C. D. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0029896 · Cited by 30
“The activity observed in the right insula for change language is consistent with the participation of this structure in speech perception (Toyomura et al., 2007), emotional control (Bechara, 2005), and addiction (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
Adolescent Behaviors and Cerebral Development: Psychoanalysis and the Neurosciences
Dayan, J., & Guillery-Girard, B. (2013) · Adolescence · doi:10.3917/ado.077.0479 · Cited by 30
Immediate and Sustained Decrease in Smoking Urges After Acute Insular Cortex Damage
Abdolahi, A., Williams, G. C., Benesch, C. G., Wang, H. Z., Spitzer, E. M., Scott, B. E., Block, R., & van Wijngaarden, E. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx046 · Cited by 31
Brevers, D., Bechara, A., Kilts, C. D., Antoniali, V., Bruylant, A., Verbanck, P., Kornreich, C., & Noël, X. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9722-2 · Cited by 27
“(DeWitt et al. 2015; Droutman et al. 2015a, b; Naqvi et al. 2014; Naqvi and Bechara 2009; Noël et al. 2013a, b; Verdejo-Garcı́a and Bechara 2009) advance that increased motivational–arousal responses might disable the operation of high-order control processes.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTan, Y., Yan, R., Gao, Y., Zhang, M., & Northoff, G. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119500 · Cited by 34
“Furthermore, integrated in the anterior insula, bodily and emotional signals shapes decision making and emotion regulation (Berntson et al., 2011; Brass and Haggard, 2010; Critchley and Garfinkel, 2017; Critchley and Harrison, 2013; Damasio and Carvalho, 2013; Garfinkel et al., 2015; Gogolla, 2017; Naqvi and Bechara,…”
BackgroundWu, W., Li, H., Liu, Y., Huang, X., Chen, L., & Zhai, H. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3550-1 · Cited by 27
“The insular cortex (insula) is one of the main centers in the brain for the processing of interoceptive information; it receives input from the limbic regions such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens, all of which are involved in drug addiction (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
Parma, C., Doria, F., Zulueta, A., Lanzone, J., Boscarino, M., Giani, L., Lunetta, C., Vassallo, M., Parati, E. A., Picozzi, M., et al. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14040386 · Cited by 36
Maldonado, R. J., Calvé, P., García‐Blanco, A., Domingo‐Rodriguez, L., Senabre, E., & Martín‐García, E. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108466 · Cited by 33
“Within the PFC, the anterior insular cortex that corresponds to the agranular insula in rodents (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009) appears to have an interoceptive function integrating autonomic and visceral informa-”
Computational models of behavioral addictions: State of the art and future directions
Kato, A., Shimomura, K., Ognibene, D., Parvaz, M. A., Berner, L. A., Morita, K., & Fiore, V. G. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107595 · Cited by 27
Animals in flow – towards the scientific study of intrinsic reward in animals
Hintze, S., & Yee, J. R. (2022) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12930 · Cited by 35
“The AIC is thought to contribute to the processing of bodily satisfaction (Goldstein et al., 2009; Lee & Reeve, 2017; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009) and subjective feelings (Craig, 2009; Damasio, 1999; Lee &Reeve, 2017).”
BackgroundGut-brain peptides in corticostriatal-limbic circuitry and alcohol use disorders
Vadnie, C. A., Park, J. H., Gawad, N. A., Ho, A. M., Hinton, D. J., & Choi, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00288 · Cited by 26
“In addition, LY686017 reduced activation of the insula, which is involved in craving and addictive behavior (George et al., 2008; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundScuppa, G., Tambalo, S., Pfarr, S., Sommer, W. H., & Bifone, A. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12744 · Cited by 25
“The insula as a crucial node of the salience network is thought to be involved in directing attentional resources, accessing executive control processes, and driving behaviour.(47,48) With regards to the AUD, decreased within‐network connectivity of the salience network was found by resting‐state fMRI,(7) although ano…”
BackgroundIncreased network centrality of the anterior insula in early abstinence from alcohol
Bordier, C., Weil, G., Bach, P., Scuppa, G., Nicolini, C., Forcellini, G., Pérez‐Ramírez, Ú., Moratal, D., Canals, S., Hoffmann, S., et al. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13096 · Cited by 27
“studies showed that alcohol cues elicited greater activity within the insula than control stimuli and that this effect was stronger in AUD patients compared with healthy controls.(49,50) Moreover, reversible”
ResultHall, O. T., Teater, J. E., Rood, K. M., Phan, K. L., & Clauw, D. J. (2022) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001016 · Cited by 26
“These structures are involved in affective pain processing as well as conscious urges to take drugs.(47,65,79) Together, these findings”
BackgroundCarroll, A. J., Sutherland, M. T., Salmeron, B. J., Ross, T. J., & Stein, E. A. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12118 · Cited by 26
Corrigan, P. W., Rüsch, N., Ben‐Zeev, D., & Sher, T. G. (2014) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034935 · Cited by 27
“…point here, research examining the relationship between interoception, arousal, and decision making has shown visceral effects of emotion partially influence decision making via its impact on perceived reinforcement and punishment of outcomes of that decision (Damasio, 1994; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundTakei, H., Yamamoto, K., Bae, Y.-C., Shirakawa, T., & Kobayashi, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2017.00085 · Cited by 25
“In addition, recent studies have indicated additional functions for the IC in attention, reasoning, planning, and decision-making processes associated with smoking and drug abuse (Naqvi et al., 2007; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundExamining Neural Reactivity to Gambling Cues in the Age of Online Betting
Brevers, D., Sescousse, G., Maurage, P., & Billieux, J. (2019) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-019-00177-2 · Cited by 32
Mesolimbic dopamine release precedes actively sought aversive stimuli in mice
Yawata, Y., Shikano, Y., Ogasawara, J., Makino, K., Kashima, T., Ihara, K., Yoshimoto, A., Morikawa, S., Yagishita, S., Tanaka, K. F., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38130-3 · Cited by 24
Pina, M. M., Pati, D., Hwa, L. S., Wu, S. Y., Mahoney, A. A., Omenyi, C. G., Navarro, M., & Kash, T. L. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107831 · Cited by 25
Neural representations of vicarious rewards are linked to interoception and prosocial behaviour
Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Coll, M., Bird, G., Yu, H., Prosser, A. M. B., Lockwood, P. L., Murphy, J., Crockett, M. J., & Apps, M. A. J. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119881 · Cited by 26
An fMRI-Based Neural Signature of Decisions to Smoke Cannabis
Bedi, G., Lindquist, M. A., & Haney, M. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.135 · Cited by 24
Sun, Y., Zhao, L., Wang, G., Yue, W., Yong He, A., Shu, N., Lin, Q., Wang, F., Li, J., Chen, N., et al. (2015) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12233 · Cited by 24
Impairments in “top-down” processing in bipolar disorder: A simultaneous fMRI–GSR study
Lagopoulos, J., & Malhi, G. S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.011 · Cited by 24
“with limbic regions including the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and amygdala, and is thought to serve a key role in the awareness of somatic states and emotions (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundMennecke, A., Gossler, A., Hammen, T., Dörfler, A., Stadlbauer, A., Rösch, J., Kornhuber, J., Bleich, S., Doelken, M. T., & Thürauf, N. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1190-6 · Cited by 24
“Due to the fact that the nAChRs are widely spread over the brain, many brain areas are assumed to be involved in nicotine addiction (Naqvi and Bechara 2009; Changeux 2010; Davis and Gould 2009; Greenbaum and Lerer 2009; Koob 2008).”
Network-Based Analysis Reveals Functional Connectivity Related to Internet Addiction Tendency
Wen, T., & Hsieh, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00006 · Cited by 25
“(2015) chose the insula, which has been implicated in addiction (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Droutman et al., 2015), as the seed region and found altered functional connectivity with a network of regions in internet addicts.”
BackgroundInfluentialCocker, P. J., Lin, M.-Y., Barrus, M. M., Foll, B. L., & Winstanley, C. A. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4355-1 · Cited by 24
Ma, L., Steinberg, J. L., Cunningham, K. A., Bjork, J. M., Lane, S. D., Schmitz, J. M., Burroughs, T. K., Narayana, P. A., Kosten, T. R., Bechara, A., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.10.012 · Cited by 24
Self-citationDenomme, W. J., Simard, I., & Shane, M. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00350 · Cited by 24
Stress induced risk-aversion is reverted by D2/D3 agonist in the rat
Morgado, P. F., Marques, F., Ribeiro, B. M., Leite‐Almeida, H., Pêgo, J. M., Rodrigues, A. J., Dalla, C., Kokras, N., Sousa, N., & Cerqueira, J. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.003 · Cited by 25
“This brain region is involved in representations of bodily internal states and needs (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009) and in risk-aversion signaling (Clarke et al.”
Integrating fMRI with psychophysiological measurements in the study of decision making.
Wong, S. W. H., Xue, G., & Bechara, A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0023525 · Cited by 23
“In addition, the insular cortex which has been associated with modulating decision-making, especially in addiction related decisions (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009; Naqvi, Rudrauf, Damasio, & Bechara, 2007), has long been regarded as an important region in representing autonomic responses (Saper, 1982;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe neural basis of social risky decision making in females with major depressive disorder
Shao, R., Zhang, H., & Lee, T. M. C. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.009 · Cited by 25
Reward-related neural activity and structure predict future substance use in dysregulated youth
Bertocci, M. A., Bebko, G. M., Versace, A., Iyengar, S., Bonar, L. K., Forbes, E. E., Almeida, J., Perlman, S. B., Schirda, C., Travis, M. J., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003147 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, the right insula is implicated in conscious awareness of interoception (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
Background12 h abstinence-induced right anterior insula network pattern changes in young smokers
Bi, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Yu, D., Yuan, K., & Tian, J. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.019 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bechara, Antoine
- ORCID
- Bechara, Antoine
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-67
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3698860
- OpenAlex
- W2036074427
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c3d49d333514ca29ffa128dca631e5f5cfbfe5b
- Cited by
- 833
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023051)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007337)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- insula, addiction, drug craving, interoception, relapse, decision-making, risk and reward, neurobiology of addiction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Models, Biological, Neural Pathways, Substance-Related Disorders
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