The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The hidden island of addiction: the insula
Open accessAbstract
Most prior research on the neurobiology of addiction has focused on the role of subcortical systems, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum and mesolimbic dopamine system, in promoting the motivation to seek drugs. Recent evidence indicates that a largely overlooked structure, the insula, plays a crucial part in conscious urges to take drugs. The insula has been highlighted as a region that integrates interoceptive (i.e. bodily) states into conscious feelings and into decision-making processes that involve uncertain risk and reward. Here, we propose a model in which the processing of the interoceptive effects of drug use by the insula contributes to conscious drug urges and to decision-making processes that precipitate relapse.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, imaging studies have reported differential activation of the insula during craving, possibly reflecting interoceptive cues and hypothesised to involve CRF activation (table 2, circuit 18).54,117,118”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The insula has long been implicated in drug cravings, the maintenance of drug-seeking behavior, and the regulation of distress during withdrawal [1,6,71].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dysfunction of interoception is increasingly recognized as an important component of different mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, addictive disorders, and somatic symptom disorders.”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Drug addiction, another condition marked by interoceptive disturbances, has an overlapping neural circuitry and abnormal responses to interoceptive cues (101–104).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The insula appears to have an interoceptive function that integrates autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges.54”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“For one, the AI, dACC and dlPFC activate synchronously in response to uncertainty in the environment; these regions overlap with areas implicated in negative mood states (Feinstein et al., 2006; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Davis and Hasson, 2016).”
From Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits of the salience network: A central pathway in psychiatric disease and treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
In the citing paper
“It has also been associated with depression, anxiety or substance abuse (for reviews cf. Craig, 2009; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation of the insula during craving (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation of the insula during craving (95).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions and supports interoceptive functions, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation and providing conscious awareness of these urges (95).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation in the insula during craving (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara 2009
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g., ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara 2009
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the insula integrates emotional information to and from limbic and cortical areas and is involved in the representation of interoceptive responses to emotionally salient and rewarding stimuli, such as drug craving, urgency, and impulsivity (Bonson et al., 2002; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Villafuerte et al., 2011).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body
Craig, A. D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn894 · Cited by 6,006
The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-6553 · Cited by 6,001
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1579 · Cited by 3,785
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 · Cited by 3,502
JAMES, W. (1884) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/os-ix.34.188 · Cited by 3,446
Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness
Critchley, H. D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1176 · Cited by 3,406
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 833
Zhang, Y., Becker, B., Kendrick, K. M., Zhang, Q., & Yao, S. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03382-8 · Cited by 12
“…of the insular cortex are closely associated with various mental disorders, including anxiety disorder [14, 15], major depression disorder (MDD) [16 – 18], autism spectrum disorder [19 – 21], schizophrenia [22 – 24], addiction [25 – 27], alexithymia [28, 29] and Parkinson ’ s disease [30, 31].”
Stippekohl, B., Winkler, M. H., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., Mucha, R. F., Pauli, P., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046782 · Cited by 13
“Based upon this body of literature, Naqvi and Bechara [8,9] propose a model of insula function in addiction (see also [5]).”
BackgroundInfluentialYoo, H. B., Moya, B. E., & Filbey, F. M. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25036 · Cited by 12
“Its dysfunction potentially affects the attentional attribution to external information, which relates to an imbalance of attention to drug versus nondrug cues (R. Z. Goldstein & Volkow, 2011; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009; Sutherland, McHugh, Pariyadath, & Stein, 2012).”
BackgroundLe, T. M., Chen, Y., Chaudhary, S., & Li, C. R. (2021) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2021.100004 · Cited by 18
Zhou, Z., Gao, Y., Feng, R., Zhuo, L., Bao, W., Liang, K., Qiu, H., Cao, L., Tang, M., Li, H., et al. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02086-4 · Cited by 12
“The left anterior insula is more involved in emotional perception and cognitive modulation, encodes subject values and represents interoceptive effects of reward through its widespread connections with the prefrontal cortex and subcortical nucleus [61, 62].”
BackgroundNeural representation of prediction error signals in substance users
Tolomeo, S., Yaple, Z. A., & Yu, R. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12976 · Cited by 12
“thought to have a crucial role in the development and maintenance of alcohol(52) and nicotine use disorder,(53) specifically in the context of decision making involving uncertain risk and reward.(52) In seminal work, Naqvi and colleagues showed that insular damage was associated with quitting smoking(53) and attenuati…”
BackgroundDuncan, P. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139025515.013 · Cited by 12
Alcohol Dependence and Altered Engagement of Brain Networks in Risky Decisions
Zhu, X., Sundby, K. K., Bjork, J. M., & Momenan, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00142 · Cited by 12
“While the posterior insula is primarily attributed to somatic experiences, activation of the posterior insula has been linked to delaying gratification, indicating that it may also have a role in reward evaluation (Wittmann et al., 2007; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundGómez-Andrés, A., Toni Cunillera, B., Rico, I., Naval‐Baudin, P., Camins, À., Coello, A. F., Gabarrós, A., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.008 · Cited by 11
“…in several neuropsychiatric disorders associated with functional and structural abnormalities of the aIC (Diener et al., 2012; Hatton et al., 2012; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009; Palaniyappan & Liddle, 2012; Shepherd et al., 2012), for example, patients with schizophrenia, AHP, major depression, and/or…”
Agency Modulates the Lateral and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Responses in Belief-Based Decision Making
Xue, G., He, Q., Lu, Z., Levin, I. P., Dong, Q., & Bechara, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065274 · Cited by 12
“This interpretation is consistent with the role of the right insula in translating interoceptive and homeostatic signals into feeling states that energize reward seeking behaviors [64,65,66,67].”
ResultSelf-citationGibson, B. C., Claus, E. D., Sanguinetti, J., Witkiewitz, K. A., & Clark, V. P. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104821 · Cited by 12
Lu, L., Yang, W., Zhao, D., Wen, X., Liu, J., Liu, J., & Yuan, K. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109749 · Cited by 11
The Neural Basis of Social Influence in a Dictator Decision
Wei, Z., Zhao, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02134 · Cited by 12
“These regions have been shown to encode expected reward values, as well as the reward value of outcomes (Bush et al., 2002; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Krebs et al., 2011; Rushworth et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAnxious arousal alters prefrontal cortical control of stopping
Roxburgh, A. D., White, D., & Cornwell, B. R. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14976 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, insula (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009) and dPFC (Cisler et al., 2013) disruption is also implicated in addiction.”
BackgroundBrain Regions Affected by Impaired Control Modulate Responses to Alcohol and Smoking Cues
Liu, J., Claus, E. D., Calhoun, V. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.808 · Cited by 10
“Thus, the insula may have a casual role in maintaining dependence through its representation of bodily experiences associated with withdrawal and craving (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundThe therapeutic potential of low-intensity focused ultrasound for treating substance use disorder
Olaitan, G. O., Lynch, W. J., & Venton, B. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1466506 · Cited by 11
Does intentional asphyxiation by strangulation have addictive properties?
Chater, A. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15247 · Cited by 10
“The insula, a region in the brain that has been linked to decision‐making in relation to risk and reward, is thought to have an important role in addiction [41,42].”
BackgroundFentanyl-induced changes in brain activity in awake nonhuman primates at 9.4 Tesla
Withey, S. L., Cao, L., de Moura, F. B., Cayetano, K. R., Rohan, M. L., Bergman, J., & Kohut, S. J. (2022) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-022-00639-4 · Cited by 12
Sheikholeslami, M. A., Parvardeh, S., Ghafghazi, S., & Sabetkasaei, M. (2022) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2022.102318 · Cited by 10
Stroke modifies drug consumption in opium addicts: role of the insula.
Yousefzadeh-fard, Y., Gharedaghi, M. H., Esmaeili, S., Pourbakhtyaran, E., Sadaghiani, M. S., Ghorbani, A., & Sahraian, M. A. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 10
Gearhardt, A. N., Boswell, R. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_4 · Cited by 10
Biological and Psychological Factors Associated With Smoking Abstinence Six Years Post-Stroke
Soler, R. S., Grau, A., Terceño, M., Silva, Y., Dávalos, A., Sánchez, J. M., Font‐Mayolas, S., Pérez, M. E. G., Rodrigo, J., Kazimierczak, M., et al. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx151 · Cited by 10
Ibáñez, C. F., Vicencio, S., Quintanilla, M. E., & Maldonado, P. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12836 · Cited by 10
Yu, J., Fiore, V. G., Briggs, R. W., Braud, J., Rubia, K., Adinoff, B. H., & Gu, X. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14917 · Cited by 12
“The same AIC-related circuitry has also been commonly associated with SUD and addiction-83 related phenotypes (Goldstein et al. , 2009; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009; Koob & Volkow, 2016), with the VS particularly implicated in association in cocaine use disorder (CUD) and risk-85 preference behavioral…”
BackgroundThe relationship between disgust sensitivity and BMI: Is the food disgusting or am I?
Spinelli, S., Cunningham, C., Pierguidi, L., Dinnella, C., Monteleone, E., & White, T. L. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104222 · Cited by 12
The relationship between craving and insular morphometry in regular cocaine users: Does sex matter?
Malek, G. S. A., Goudriaan, A. E., & Kaag, A. M. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13157 · Cited by 10
Still a “hidden island”? The rodent insular cortex in drug seeking, reward, and risk
McGregor, M. S., & LaLumiere, R. T. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105334 · Cited by 10
“This finding, along with functional imaging studies reporting IC activation in response to drug-associated cues and self-reported craving (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009), ignited increased interest in this region as a potential driver of”
ResultZhao, Y., Zheng, Z., & Castellanos, F. X. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.040 · Cited by 10
“The insula is involved in multiple processes including perception, motor control, self-consciousness, cognitive functioning, and emotional regulation, and it has been particularly linked to addictive behaviors (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundChanges in Effective Connectivity Network Patterns in Drug Abusers, Treated With Different Methods
Sadeghi, A. Z., Jafari, A. H., Oghabian, M. A., Saligheh-Rad, H., Batouli, S. A. H., Raminfard, S., & Ekhtiari, H. (2017) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.4.285 · Cited by 10
“2004; George and Koob 2013; Hayashi, Ko, Strafella, & Dagher, 2013; Batista, Klauss, Fregni, Nitsche, & Nakamura-Palacios, 2015), ventral striatum (Naqvi and Bechara 2009), and amygdala (Bechara, Damasio, & Damasio, 2003) display activation in different drug dependents.”
Sun, Y., Chen, R., Li, Z., Spijker, S., Zhai, R., & Yang, S. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12799 · Cited by 9
“The CPPL and CPPShamL groups showed equal entries into the drug- paired compartment when compared with the morphine and saline groups [F(3,32) = 0.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialYang, W., Wang, S., Luo, J., Yan, C., Tang, F., Du, Y., Li, F., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, K., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114808 · Cited by 9
“The insular cortex (IC), a brain region that plays a critical role in reward circuitry, has been associated with drug craving and maintenance of substance use disorders (SUDs) (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
Wang, M., Deng, Y., Liu, Y., Suo, T., Guo, B., Eickhoff, S. B., Xu, J., & Rao, H. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105607 · Cited by 10
Reséndiz‐Flores, M., & Escobar, C. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12674 · Cited by 9
“While the IC is associated with the interoceptive effects of drug use and ΔfosB can indicate symptoms of craving (Naqvi & Bechara 2009), little is known about the function of ΔFosB in the SCN (Guido et al. 1999; Schwartz et al. 2000).”
BackgroundQi, C., Fan, X., Foxley, S., Wu, Q., Tang, J., Hao, W., Xie, A., Liu, J., Feng, Z., Liu, T., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599099 · Cited by 9
Motivational system modulates brain responses during exploratory decision-making
Li, C., Lin, C. Y., Chang, T., Yen, N., & Tan, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95311-0 · Cited by 9
Grundinger, N., Gerhardt, S., Karl, D., Mann, K. F., Kiefer, F., & Vollstädt‐Klein, S. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06137-1 · Cited by 12
“This representation of interoceptive drug body states is thought to reach the Nacc, where it affects the initiation of motivated and habitual action, which could lead to drug-seeking behavior (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialInsular Cortex Activity as the Neural Base of Intrinsic Motivation
Lee, W. (2016) · Advances in motivation and achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-742320160000019016 · Cited by 9
Food-Specific Inhibitory Control Mediates the Effect of Disgust Sensitivity on Body Mass Index
Liu, X., Li, J., Turel, O., Chen, R., & He, Q. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02391 · Cited by 11
Zhornitsky, S., Dhingra, I., Le, T. M., Wang, W., Li, C.-S. R., & Zhang, S. (2021) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab016 · Cited by 9
Canessa, N., Basso, G., Poggi, P., & Gianelli, C. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108258 · Cited by 9
Noël, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1161879 · Cited by 12
“An advanced version of this theory emphasizes the role of the insula serving as a hub of the interoceptive awareness system and interplaying neurocognitive systems involved in drug addiction (23, 24).”
BackgroundNeuroimagem na dependência de jogos eletrônicos: uma revisão sistemática
Lemos, I. L., Diniz, P. R. B., Peres, J. F. P., & Sougey, É. B. (2014) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000008 · Cited by 9
Nicotine increases anterior insula activation to expected and unexpected outcomes among nonsmokers
Addicott, M. A., Oliver, J. A., & McClernon, F. J. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4550-8 · Cited by 9
“The insula has been strongly implicated in drug use and craving due to its role in conscious awareness, emotional experience, and decision making (Garavan 2010; Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
BackgroundEffects of reward and punishment on learning from errors in smokers
Duehlmeyer, L., Levis, B., & Hester, R. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.028 · Cited by 9
Pribut, H. J., Sciarillo, X. A., & Roesch, M. R. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147885 · Cited by 9
Wei, M., Luo, X., Fu, J., Dong, Y.-S., Liu, J., Liu, J., & Dong, G.-H. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.04.012 · Cited by 9
Fedeli, D., Ciullo, G., Demichelis, G., Medina, J. P., Bruzzone, M. G., Ciusani, E., Erbetta, A., Ferraro, S., Grisoli, M., Guastafierro, E., et al. (2025) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024251332561 · Cited by 8
Billaux, P., Maurage, P., Cabé, N., Lanièpce, A., Segobin, S. H., & Pitel, A. (2023) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13324 · Cited by 8
“Altogether with prior conceptualizations of the insula as an interoception hub involved in the processing of bodily sensations associated to drug abuse,(10) these findings led to consider the insula as a neural substrate for the conscious urge to use drug, namely craving.(11) Further determining the role of the insula…”
BackgroundInfluentialDecoding and modifying dynamic attentional bias in gaming disorder
Oka, T., Kubo, T., Kobayashi, N., Murakami, M., Chiba, T., & Cortese, A. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0090 · Cited by 7
“In contrast, the insular cortex underlies abnormal decision-making in addiction [65,66], and its pre-stimulus neural activity impacts perceptual and risk-taking valuation processes [67,68].”
Tolerance to repeated rewarding electrical stimulation of the insular cortex
Hurtado, M. M., García, R., & Puerto, A. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.001 · Cited by 8
Bliss in and Out of the Body: The (Extra)Corporeal Space Is Impervious to Social Pleasant Touch
Spaccasassi, C., Frigione, I., & Maravita, A. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020225 · Cited by 8
“To highlight how this kind of touch is intimately linked to the rewarding-emotional circuitry, a recent neuropsychological study clearly demonstrates that damage to posterior and anterior insula—a critical region for autonomic function [21] and addiction regulation [22]—reduces tactile, contralateral and ipsilateral p…”
BackgroundThe incentive amplifying effects of nicotine: Roles in alcohol seeking and consumption
King, C. P., & Meyer, P. (2022) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.008 · Cited by 10
Fede, S. J., Kisner, M. A., Manuweera, T., Kerich, M., & Momenan, R. (2022) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agac028 · Cited by 11
Activity associated with speech articulation measured through direct cortical recordings
Basilakos, A., Fridriksson, J., Rorden, C., Behroozmand, R., Hanayik, T., Naselaris, T., Gaizo, J. D., Breedlove, J. L., Vandergrift, W. A., & Bonilha, L. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.01.013 · Cited by 7
“…& Hirai, 1999; Ogar et al., 2006), visceral functions (e.g., Augustine, 1985; Craig, 2002, 2009; Mayer, Naliboff, & Craig, 2006; Moisset et al., 2010), conscious awareness (Craig, 2009), addiction (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009, 2010), and psychiatric disorders (Klein, Ullsperger, & Danielmeier, 2013).”
Structural Brain Imaging and Internet Addiction
Lin, F., & Lei, H. C. (2015) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07242-5_2 · Cited by 9
What is culture? Culture is context-dependence!
Northoff, G. (2013) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-013-0008-y · Cited by 8
“Interestingly, the insula has also been shown to be recruited during especially social reward tasks (see Montague and King-Casas 2007; Kirk et al. 2012; Naqvi and Bechara 2009, 2010).”
BackgroundSelecting an optimal real‐time fMRI neurofeedback method for alcohol craving control training
Fede, S. J., Kisner, M. A., Dean, S., Kerich, M., Roopchansingh, V., Diazgranados, N., & Momenan, R. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14367 · Cited by 8
Hwang, Z.-A., Hsu, A., Li, C., Wu, C. W., Chen, C.-H., Chan, W. P., & Huang, M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06112-4 · Cited by 31
“Naqvi and Bechara addressed the role of the insula in the process of interoceptive effects of drug use and drug urges [49, 50].”
BackgroundXu, X., Ni, H., Wang, H., Wang, T., Liu, C., Song, X., & Dong, G. (2025) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-025-00154-6 · Cited by 8
“In addition, the insula, which plays an important role in reward processing, is considered to play a key role in addiction 63,64 .”
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 10
Translational Approaches to Medication Development
Bartlett, S. E., & Heilig, M. A. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28720-6_132 · Cited by 7
Fluid Attention in Education: Conceptual and Neurobiological Framework
Bruya, B. J., & Tang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704443 · Cited by 12
Midzyanovskaya, I. S., Birioukova, L. M., Storvik, M., van Luijtelaar, G., & Tuomisto, L. M. (2022) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106921 · Cited by 7
Scheinost, D., Shen, X., Finn, E. S., Sinha, R., Constable, R. T., & Papademetris, X. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093544 · Cited by 7
“, [25] [15]) implicating this region in drug addiction.”
BackgroundResultMay, A. C., Davis, C. B., Kirlić, N., & Stewart, J. L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020279 · Cited by 7
Tretyak, V., Huffman, A., & Lippard, E. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173409 · Cited by 9
Modelle der Substanzabhängigkeit
Martin-Söelch, C. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000015 · Cited by 8
“Adaptiert von (J. Jentsch & Taylor, 1999; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundPeart, D. R., Nolan, C. J., Stone, A. P., Williams, M. A., Karlovcec, J. M., & Murray, J. E. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06584-y · Cited by 7
“…maintenance, and relapse of OUD are well-established (Davis and Smith 1976; Goldberg et al. 1979; Hodebourg et al. 2019), widespread study of the involvement of interoceptive stimuli evoked by opioid receptor agonism in these processes has intensified more recently (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
Tao, D., Huang, S., Song, Z., Wen, J., Galaj, E., & Luo, Y. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113340 · Cited by 6
“26,41,42 The fMRI study that assessed alcohol craving levels in 91 patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) found a significant correlation between IC activation and alcohol craving.”
Ulisse, K., Albitar, J., Aromin, J. T., & Berry, J. H. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15090980 · Cited by 8
Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Smoking Cessation
Hendershot, C. S., Simmons, W. K., Jha, M. K., McKee, S. A., & Yammine, L. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.002 · Cited by 6
Rodríguez-Durán, L. F., López-Ibarra, D. L., Herrera-Xithe, G., Bermúdez‐Rattoni, F., Osorio‐Gómez, D., & Escobar, M. L. (2023) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107845 · Cited by 8
Hsu, L., Cerri, D. H., Lee, S., Shnitko, T. A., Carelli, R. M., & Shih, Y. I. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1452-23.2023 · Cited by 7
Brevers, D., Baeken, C., Bechara, A., He, Q., Maurage, P., Sescousse, G., Vögele, C., & Billieux, J. (2024) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13389 · Cited by 6
Self-citationStudying dog emotion beyond expression and without concern for feeling
Cook, P. F. (2017) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1282 · Cited by 6
“All studied mammals share these central representation and integration mechanisms (Condé et al., 1995; Craig, 2002; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009), which can be understood in terms of information processing and adaptive behavior.”
BackgroundInsula Sensitivity to Unfairness in Alcohol Use Disorder
Cortes, C. R., Grodin, E. N., Mann, C. L., Mathur, K., Kerich, M. J., Zhu, X., Schwandt, M. L., Diazgranados, N., George, D. T., Momenan, R., et al. (2017) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx115 · Cited by 6
“…based on a numerous of studies reporting that activity of the insula not only correlates with the intensity of self-reported cravings (reviewed in Naqvi and Bechara, 2009) but also to social stressors (Eisenberger, 2012), that in general are considered major relapse triggers (Brownell et al.,…”
BackgroundMacIlvane, N. M., Fede, S. J., Pearson, E. E., Diazgranados, N., & Momenan, R. (2020) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14465 · Cited by 5
“…the amygdala’s bottomup connections to limbic areas such as the insula, mPFC, anterior and posterior cingulate (ACC/PCC) are thought to underlie emotional decision making (Clark et al., 2008), and are associated with craving (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009) and relapse outcomes (Sinha et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTemporal and electroencephalography dynamics of surreal marketing
Wang, R. W. Y., & Liu, I.-N. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.949008 · Cited by 6
“, 2010), and drug addicts exhibit insula activation during their impulse to take drugs (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundAversion-associated drug and alcohol seeking in females
Arnold, M. E., & Schank, J. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101095 · Cited by 6
Birioukova, L. M., van Luijtelaar, G., & Midzyanovskaya, I. S. (2024) · Receptors · doi:10.3390/receptors3010004 · Cited by 6
“In humans, the insular cortex is often referred to as a structure responsible for “embodied emotions” [114].”
BackgroundNeural correlates of time versus money in product evaluation
Lehmann, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00372 · Cited by 5
Perspectives Emerging From Neuroscience on How People Become Addicted and What to Do About It
Littrell, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2010.498741 · Cited by 6
“Recent evidence suggests that an area adjacent to the cingulate, the insula, might also play a role in craving (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundThe cortical surface area of the insula mediates the effect of DBH rs7040170 on novelty seeking
Li, J., Cui, Y. J., Wu, K. L., Liu, B., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., & Jiang, T. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.033 · Cited by 6
“…that a small regional surface area of insular cortex could lead to decreased tendency of impulsivity and to risky behaviors through the insula’s role in the processing of interoceptive cues as conscious feeling, such as urge (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009), thus associated with a lower NS score.”
Evidence for a differential visual M300 brain response in gamblers
Zilberman, N., Ziderman, Y. D., Zeev‐Wolf, M., Goldstein, A., Yadid, G., Neumark, Y. D., & Rassovsky, Y. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.08.010 · Cited by 6
Dissociative Tendencies and Alcohol Use Disorder
Noël, X., Saeremans, M., Kornreich, C., & Jaafari, N. (2018) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0225-8 · Cited by 6
Zhao, Y., Ge, Y., & Zheng, Z. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13971 · Cited by 6
“The insular cortex has been suggested to be involved in or impacted by AUD and other addictive behaviors, given its critical role in multiple brain processes including cognitive functioning, perception, motor control, self-consciousness, and emotional regulation (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
Charroud, C., Poulen, G., Sanrey, E., de Champfleur, N. M., Deverdun, J., Coubes, P. A., & Bars, E. L. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.016 · Cited by 6
Duncan, P. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139025515 · Cited by 8
Brassard, S. L., Laliberte, M. M., MacKillop, J. M., & Balodis, I. M. (2023) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01544-5 · Cited by 6
Billaux, P., Desmedt, O., Corneille, O., Luminet, O., Leganes‐Fonteneau, M., Billieux, J., & Maurage, P. (2025) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70032 · Cited by 5
Shankar, K., Bonnet-Zahedi, S., & George, O. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06852-5 · Cited by 6
“…that the insula becomes flooded with craving signals, and signaling to downstream networks is enhanced, suggesting the insula’s role in pro - ducing the motivation to obtain the drug within the con - text of negative reinforcement (Naqvi and Bechara 2009 ; Lerman et al. 2014 ; Regner et al. 2019).”
Brain and cortisol responses to smoking cues are linked in tobacco‐smoking individuals
Wanger, T. J., de Moura, F. B., Ashare, R. L., Loughead, J., Lukas, S. E., Lerman, C. E., & Janes, A. C. (2023) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13338 · Cited by 6
“Many studies have demonstrated that the insula is involved in both smoking relapse 4,5,36,37 and craving.”
BackgroundNeural correlates of increased alcohol demand following alcohol cue exposure in adult heavy drinkers
Amlung, M. T., Marsden, E., Hargreaves, T., Sweet, L. H., Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. M. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111809 · Cited by 6
Yang, W., Wen, X., Du, Z., Yang, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Yuan, K., & Liu, J. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf014 · Cited by 5
Scarlata, M., Keeley, R. J., Carmack, S., P-J, T., Vendruscolo, J. C. M., Lu, H., Koob, G. F., Vendruscolo, L. F., & Stein, E. A. (2021) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2021.100002 · Cited by 5
“For example, functional connectivity strength within the Salience Network increases as a function of exposure to a conditioned heroin withdrawal cue in rats with a history of heroin SA [16] and environmental cue-induced activity within the Salience Network of humans was correlated with ratings of craving [55].”
BackgroundZeng, J., You, L., Sheng, H., Luo, Y., & Yang, X. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109912 · Cited by 6
Smoking Cessation After Brain Damage Does Not Lead to Increased Depression
Tranel, D., McNutt, A., & Bechara, A. (2012) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0b013e3182492a9c · Cited by 5
Self-citationHan, D. H., Hyun, G. J., Park, J. H., & Renshaw, P. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800634-4.00094-9 · Cited by 6
What does addiction medicine expect from neuroscience? From genes and neurons to treatment responses
Foll, B. L. (2016) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.11.001 · Cited by 5
Kato, R., Yamanaka, M., Yokota, E., Koshikawa, N., & Kobayashi, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00086 · Cited by 5
“…et al., 1998; Horinuki et al., 2015; Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 2 November 2016 | Volume 10 | Article 86 Nakamura et al., 2015), and plays a pivotal role in regulating oral functions and integrating interoceptive states into conscious feelings (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bechara, Antoine
- ORCID
- Bechara, Antoine
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-67
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3698860
- OpenAlex
- W2036074427
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c3d49d333514ca29ffa128dca631e5f5cfbfe5b
- Cited by
- 833
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023051)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007337)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- insula, addiction, drug craving, interoception, relapse, decision-making, risk and reward, neurobiology of addiction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Models, Biological, Neural Pathways, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
