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The hidden island of addiction: the insula
Open accessAbstract
Most prior research on the neurobiology of addiction has focused on the role of subcortical systems, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum and mesolimbic dopamine system, in promoting the motivation to seek drugs. Recent evidence indicates that a largely overlooked structure, the insula, plays a crucial part in conscious urges to take drugs. The insula has been highlighted as a region that integrates interoceptive (i.e. bodily) states into conscious feelings and into decision-making processes that involve uncertain risk and reward. Here, we propose a model in which the processing of the interoceptive effects of drug use by the insula contributes to conscious drug urges and to decision-making processes that precipitate relapse.
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“Consistent with this hypothesis, imaging studies have reported differential activation of the insula during craving, possibly reflecting interoceptive cues and hypothesised to involve CRF activation (table 2, circuit 18).54,117,118”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The insula has long been implicated in drug cravings, the maintenance of drug-seeking behavior, and the regulation of distress during withdrawal [1,6,71].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dysfunction of interoception is increasingly recognized as an important component of different mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, addictive disorders, and somatic symptom disorders.”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Drug addiction, another condition marked by interoceptive disturbances, has an overlapping neural circuitry and abnormal responses to interoceptive cues (101–104).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The insula appears to have an interoceptive function that integrates autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges.54”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“For one, the AI, dACC and dlPFC activate synchronously in response to uncertainty in the environment; these regions overlap with areas implicated in negative mood states (Feinstein et al., 2006; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Davis and Hasson, 2016).”
From Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits of the salience network: A central pathway in psychiatric disease and treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
In the citing paper
“It has also been associated with depression, anxiety or substance abuse (for reviews cf. Craig, 2009; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation of the insula during craving (135).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation of the insula during craving (95).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions and supports interoceptive functions, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation and providing conscious awareness of these urges (95).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, many imaging studies show differential activation in the insula during craving (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara 2009
In the citing paper
“The insula, particularly its more anterior regions, is reciprocally connected to several limbic regions (e.g., ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum) and appears to have an interoceptive function, integrating the autonomic and visceral information with emotion and motivation, thus providing conscious awareness of these urges (Naqvi and Bechara 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara 2009
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the insula integrates emotional information to and from limbic and cortical areas and is involved in the representation of interoceptive responses to emotionally salient and rewarding stimuli, such as drug craving, urgency, and impulsivity (Bonson et al., 2002; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Villafuerte et al., 2011).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Naqvi and Bechara, 2009
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“Indeed, Naqvi and Bechara (2009) have hypothesized that drug-associated cues activate the IC via the ventromedial PFC and the amygdala both of which connect with the AId directly, thereby providing a circuit whereby cued reinstatement can bypass the PIc, although it is not clear why this is not the…”
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“In concordance with the aforementioned study in which insula-lesioned patients demonstrated significantly reduced craving for tobacco (4,10,11) these results indicate an important role of the insula in monitoring internal states that drive drug-seeking behavior.”
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“The insula, due to its function in monitoring physiological processes (Craig, 2009; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009), seems to be more involved in the bodily aspects.”
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“The insula has also been implicated in the experience of craving (Naqvi & Bechara 2009).”
BackgroundDo Nicotinic Receptors Modulate High-Order Cognitive Processing?
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“Human individuals addicted to nicotine exhibit cognitive deficits similar to those of patients with an impaired ventromedial prefrontal cortex [116].”
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“In humans, the insula has been associated with the facilitation of drug reward as activity within this region correlates with subjective cue-induced drug urges (craving) (Naqvi and Bechara 2009) and damage to this structure disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking (Naqvi et al.”
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“Dopaminergic function in the agranular insula, which was our target, has been proposed to mediate some of the rewarding effects of substance use and play a role in the development of addiction (Goldstein et al., 2009; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
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“The crucial role of the insula in addiction was recently revealed in tobacco smokers (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
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“The insula has been proposed to play a crucial role in addiction [40].”
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“The anterior insula may translate information concerning the organism’s bodily state into motivational functions and decision making biases (Contreras et al., 2007; Luhmann, 2009; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
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“Third, interoceptive circuitry, including the insula, modulates the activity of the other brain regions based on homeostatic signals [9, 10].”
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“Increased activation of insula and putamen is consistently observed in cocaine cue-reactivity studies and has been associated with the conscious urge to seek drugs (Naqvi & Bechara 2009).”
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“…in MD, despite assertions that interoceptive dysfunction via the insula is implicated in addiction and interacts with decision making (e.g., Garavan, 2010; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009, 2010; Naqvi et al., 2007; Paulus et al., 2009; Verdejo-Garcia and Bechara, 2009; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2012).”
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“The insula is known to represent the interoceptive effects of drug use, giving rise to “a subjective feeling which includes conscious appreciation of interoceptive effects in addition to pleasure” [45].”
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“The insula has been implicated in error-related processes [178,179], and plays a central role in reward-related decision-making processes by integrating bodily (interoceptive) states into conscious feelings such as urges to take drugs [180].”
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“…2003; Bjornsdotter et al., 2009; Loken et al., 2009; Paulus and Stein, 2010; McGlone et al., 2012) contributing to an overall awareness of the body’s condition by providing signals of the experienced sensation (Craig, 2002; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Paulus et al., 2009; Bjornsdotter et al., 2010).”
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“It has been called the “island of addiction” (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009) due to its fundamental role in connecting stimuli and environmental cues with urges and in activating drug-seeking goals (Droutman, Read, & Bechara, 2015b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationInsular neural system controls decision-making in healthy and methamphetamine-treated rats
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“This is the first report to our knowledge to demonstrate a causal role for the INS in decision-making, strongly supporting many fMRI studies that showed a correlation between INS activity and conscious urges in human studies of addiction (29).”
BackgroundResultThe role of the insula in internet gaming disorder
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“Specifically, engaging the insula hijacks or weakens prefrontal activity (negative coupling) and exacerbates or enhances dopaminergic circuits (positive coupling).(18,19) When interoceptive signal processing is disrupted, for example, through lesions to the insula, the desire to seek reward resulting from deprivation…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow distinct functional insular subdivisions mediate interacting neurocognitive systems
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“…that the vAI translates interoceptive signals generated by PI into what one subjectively experiences as a feeling of desire, anticipation, or urge, which ultimately sensitizes the reward-seeking regions of the brain (Naqvi and Bechara 2009; Verdejo-Garcia et al. 2012; Droutman, Read, et al. 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBoosting psychological change: Combining non-invasive brain stimulation with psychotherapy
Tatti, E., Phillips, A., Paciorek, R., Romanella, S. M., Dèttore, D., Lorenzo, G. D., Ruffini, G., Rossi, S., & Santarnecchi, E. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104867 · Cited by 54
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“…is thought to play a central role in interoceptive awareness of internal, subjective states, including craving to smoke (Kuhn and Gallinat, 2011; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Wang et al, 2014); and insula lesions have been associated with abrupt disruption of tobacco addiction (Naqvi et al, 2007).”
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“It has been implicated in mechanisms of addiction due to its role in integrating interceptive signals with conscious feelings (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
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“…patients with anxiety (Paulus & Stein, 2010), affective disorders (Avery et al., 2014), anorexia nervosa (Berner et al., 2018), addictive behavior (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009), depersonalization– derealization disorder (Sedeño et al., 2014), multiple sclerosis (Salamone et al., 2018), posttraumatic…”
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The role of alpha-7 nicotinic receptors in food intake behaviors
Legget, K. T., Cornier, M., & Tregellas, J. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00553 · Cited by 49
“The insula is associated with urges and cravings related to both food and drugs of abuse (Pelchat et al., 2004; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Forget et al., 2010).”
van Hasselt, F. N., de Visser, L., Tieskens, J. M., Cornelisse, S., Baars, A. M., Lavrijsen, M., Krugers, H. J., van den Bos, R., & Joëls, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037820 · Cited by 53
“The insular cortex is thought to be a key structure in integrating representations of the homeostatic state (interoceptive or bodily state) associated with prior experiences and using that to guide future motivated behaviors, including risky decision making [92,93,94].”
BackgroundHeitzeg, M. M., Cope, L. M., Martz, M. E., Hardee, J. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.09.003 · Cited by 54
Cocker, P. J., & Winstanley, C. A. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.043 · Cited by 49
An intrinsic connectivity network approach to insula-derived dysfunctions among cocaine users
Wisner, K., Patzelt, E. H., Lim, K. O., & MacDonald, A. W. (2013) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.848211 · Cited by 49
“In consideration of the model by Bechara, Naqvi and colleagues (11,12,29), the present findings may provide novel biological evidence of the ‘‘loss of function,’’ to have awareness of and modulate behavior.”
BackgroundEvaluation of Interoceptive Awareness in Alcohol-Addicted Patients
Çöl, I. A., Sönmez, M. B., & Vardar, E. (2015) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2015.9898 · Cited by 48
“Demonstration of the insula as the primary center for IA processes, observation of changes in addiction behaviors in individuals with insula damage and in animal studies in which the insula is suppressed pharmacologically, and a number of neuroimaging studies that have shown insular cortex activation in association wi…”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, H., Dong, G., & Li, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094583 · Cited by 47
“Meanwhile, insula integrates mutual perception states into conscious sensing and involves risk and reward in the decisionmaking process (48).”
BackgroundKoot, S., Baars, A., Hesseling, P., van den Bos, R., & Joëls, M. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.008 · Cited by 46
Yan, H., Xiao, S., Fu, S., Gong, J., Qi, Z., Chen, G., Chen, P., Tang, G., Su, T., Yang, Z., et al. (2023) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13539 · Cited by 47
“Cumulative evidence suggested that disruption of the insula in SUD may underline a dysfunction in interoceptive and somatic states processing, as well as alterations of visceral and homeostatic processes, which may elicit the need to drugs, change emotional response, promote failure in decision-making and loss of cont…”
BackgroundHe, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Turel, O., Ma, L., & Bechara, A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.12.005 · Cited by 49
“This is consistent across substances; strokes that damage the insular cortex tend to eliminate the urge to smoke in individuals previously addicted to cigarette smoking (62, 63).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDuan, X., Hu, M., Huang, X., Su, C., Zong, X., Dong, X., He, C., Xiao, J., Li, H., Tang, J., et al. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz087 · Cited by 47
Berk, L., Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Wiers, R. W., Davenport, P. W., Paulus, M. P., & Tapert, S. F. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13090 · Cited by 42
Gil-Lievana, E., Balderas, I., Moreno‐Castilla, P., Luis-Islas, J., McDevitt, R. A., Tecuapetla, F., Gutiérrez, R., Bonci, A., & Bermúdez‐Rattoni, F. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0862-z · Cited by 47
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45
Brain Network Response to Acupuncture Stimuli in Experimental Acute Low Back Pain: An fMRI Study
Shi, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, S., Li, Q., Guo, S.-G., Yang, J., & Wu, W. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/210120 · Cited by 46
“The results showed higher ReHo values in the right insula, possibly indicating an increase in the judgment function and evasive actions during the pain state; because the insula also participates in learning and memory regarding pain [27], the higher ReHo values in the insula indicate increased function.”
Janes, A. C., Gilman, J. M., Radoman, M., Pachas, G. N., D, M. F. M., & Evins, A. E. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.012 · Cited by 46
“The insula’s and dorsal striatum’s role in addiction is well founded (Everitt and Robbins, 2013, Naqvi and Bechara, 2009), with the current findings supporting recent evidence suggesting these regions work in concert to maintain addiction.”
BackgroundClosing the brain–heart loop: Towards more holistic models of addiction and addiction recovery
Eddie, D., Bates, M. E., & Buckman, J. F. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12958 · Cited by 48
“and structural overlaps are applicable to other neuroscientific models of addiction.(15,23,24)”
BackgroundMigliorini, R., Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Tapert, S. F., & Paulus, M. P. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.015 · Cited by 46
Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44
Self-citationSensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 46
Hone‐Blanchet, A., Ciraulo, D. A., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Fecteau, S. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.001 · Cited by 48
Aghajani, M., Colins, O. F., Klapwijk, E. T., Veer, I. M., Andershed, H., Popma, A., van der Wee, N. J., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23292 · Cited by 44
“, 2014] and reward-related [Haber, 2011; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009] processes.”
BackgroundWu, H., Zheng, Y., Zhan, Q., Dong, J., Peng, H., Zhai, J., Zhao, J., She, S., & Wu, C. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003647 · Cited by 44
“…ventral striatum) and the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (for a review see Namkung et al., 2017), have been implicated in the integration of interoception (Craig, 2009), subjective feelings (Craig, 2009; Damasio, 2003; Kesebir et al., 2013), and motivations (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 43
Yang, Y., Wu, Q., & Morys, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121587 · Cited by 45
A voxel-based morphometry study of young occasional users of amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine
Mackey, S., Stewart, J. L., Connolly, C. G., Tapert, S. F., & Paulus, M. P. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.018 · Cited by 44
“Considerable independent evidence suggests that the anterior striatum, vmPFC and insula participate in a network of brain regions that are important for decision-making processes related to substance use (Naqvi and Bechara, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward a Triadic Approach to Craving in Addictive Disorders: The Metacognitive Hub Model
Flaudias, V., Heeren, A., Brousse, G., & Maurage, P. (2019) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000225 · Cited by 45
“” For instance, the insular cortex activity might drive motivation toward a substance by simultaneously exacerbating the automatic/impulsive system’s activity and disrupting prefrontal cortex inhibitory functions.(17,18)”
BackgroundBehavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Schneider, T. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.005 · Cited by 42
Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Galimov, A., & Black, D. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.027 · Cited by 42
Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 42
Prevention and Treatment of “Food Addiction”
Davis, C., & Mason, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.023 · Cited by 42
Human Neurobiological Approaches to Hedonically Motivated Behaviors
Burger, K. S., Shearrer, G. E., & Sadler, J. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.009 · Cited by 42
Feedback Models for Gambling Control: The Use and Efficacy of Online Responsible Gambling Tools
Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.034 · Cited by 42
Connecting Circuits with Networks in Addiction Neuroscience: A Salience Network Perspective
Cushnie, A. K., Tang, W., & Heilbronner, S. R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24109083 · Cited by 47
Ewing, S. W. F., & Chung, T. A. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0031491 · Cited by 43
“A rapidly expanding literature reviews brain-based changes associated with the transition into and maintenance of addiction (e.g., Koob & Volkow, 2010; Naqvi & Bechara, 2009; Everitt & Robbins, 2005; Robison & Nestler, 2011).”
Obesity and Brain Addiction Circuitry
Taghva, A. S., Corrigan, J. D., & Rezai, A. R. (2012) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e31825972ab · Cited by 44
Trait And Neurobiological Correlates Of Individual Differences In Dream Recall And Dream Content
Blagrove, M., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92008-4 · Cited by 50
Impaired emotion recognition is linked to alexithymia in heroin addicts
Craparo, G., Gori, A., Dell’Aera, S., Costanzo, G., Fasciano, S., Tomasello, A., & Vicario, C. M. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1864 · Cited by 42
Spierling, S. R., de Guglielmo, G., Kirson, D., Kreisler, A. D., Roberto, M., George, O., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0538-x · Cited by 42
“Insula-accumbens involvement Since the insular cortex has been implicated in addiction-related behavior [24] and its projections from the anterior region to the nucleus accumbens have been shown to mediate compulsive-like alcohol intake in rats [25] and be dysregulated in disordered eating in humans [26, 27], we hypot…”
BackgroundRole of insular cortex D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in nicotine self-administration in rats
Kutlu, M. G., Burke, D., Slade, S., Hall, B. J., Rose, J. E., & Levin, E. D. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.005 · Cited by 41
“The agranular insula, on the other hand, is responsible for the emotional and motivational integration of visceral information and has reciprocal connections with the limbic areas responsible for reward-processing such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the ventral…”
BackgroundFunctional lateralization of the anterior insula during feedback processing
Späti, J., Chumbley, J. R., Brakowski, J., Doerig, N., Holtforth, M. G., Seifritz, E., & Spinelli, S. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22484 · Cited by 46
“It is known that these disorders are associated with func- tional and structural abnormalities of the AI (Diener et al., 2012; Hatton et al., 2012; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Pala- niyappan and Liddle, 2012; Shepherd et al., 2012).”
BackgroundJones, C. L., Minati, L., Harrison, N. A., Ward, J., & Critchley, H. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020942 · Cited by 45
“Clinical reports show that when the insula is damaged, addictive behavior is attenuated [16].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bechara, Antoine
- ORCID
- Bechara, Antoine
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-67
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3698860
- OpenAlex
- W2036074427
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c3d49d333514ca29ffa128dca631e5f5cfbfe5b
- Cited by
- 833
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023051)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007337)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- insula, addiction, drug craving, interoception, relapse, decision-making, risk and reward, neurobiology of addiction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Models, Biological, Neural Pathways, Substance-Related Disorders
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