The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Emerging Science of Interoception: Sensing, Integrating, Interpreting, and Regulating Signals within the Self
Open accessAbstract
Interoception refers to the representation of the internal states of an organism, and includes the processes by which it senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals from within itself. This review presents a unified research framework and attempts to offer definitions for key terms to describe the processes involved in interoception. We elaborate on these definitions through illustrative research findings, and provide brief overviews of central aspects of interoception, including the anatomy and function of neural and non-neural pathways, diseases and disorders, manipulations and interventions, and predictive modeling. We conclude with discussions about major research gaps and challenges.
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“From a PNE perspective, interoceptive skills-building helps the person notice relationships between inputs (physiology, and BPS factors that influence threat or safety), and the output/experience of pain.58,59”
From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“These insights empower the person to recognize their own unique triggers with less judgement, to build trust in themselves, and to find ways to change the relationships and reactions to these bodily activations.”
From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
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“The interoceptive sensation is mediated by two primary ascending neural pathways: the spinal nerve pathway and the vagal nerve pathway [55].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Interoception impairment (i.e., difficulties in the sensing, perceiving, and anticipating of signals arising from within the body) is a core feature that can occur in multiple clinical conditions.1, 2, 3”
From Altered spatiotemporal brain dynamics of interoception in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
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Cites
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
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How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657
How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body
Craig, A. D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn894 · Cited by 6,006
Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness
Critchley, H. D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1176 · Cited by 3,406
Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap.
Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., et al. (2018) · Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004 · Cited by 1,453
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Structure and Function of the Human Insula
Uddin, L. Q., Nomi, J. S., Hébert-Seropian, B., Ghaziri, J., & Boucher, O. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000377 · Cited by 1,262
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Insula of the old world monkey. III: Efferent cortical output and comments on function
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Neural circuits of interoception
Berntson, G. G., & Khalsa, S. S. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.011 · Cited by 419
Cardiogenic control of affective behavioural state
Hsueh, B., Chen, R., Jo, Y., Tang, D., Raffiee, M., Kim, Y. S., Inoue, M., Randles, S., Ramakrishnan, C., Patel, S., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05748-8 · Cited by 335
The role of the salience network in cognitive and affective deficits
Schimmelpfennig, J., Topczewski, J., Zajkowski, W. K., & Jankowiak-Siuda, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1133367 · Cited by 379
Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control
Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Uddin, L. Q. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104736 · Cited by 333
Interventions and Manipulations of Interoception
Weng, H. Y., Feldman, J. L., Leggio, L., Napadow, V., Park, J., & Price, C. J. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.010 · Cited by 250
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, W. G., Schloesser, D., Arensdorf, A. M., Simmons, J. M., Cui, C., Valentino, R., Gnadt, J. W., Nielsen, L., Hillaire-Clarke, C. S., Spruance, V., Horowitz, T. S., Vallejo, Y. F., & Langevin, H. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Wen G.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-16
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7780231
- OpenAlex
- W3115649676
- Cited by
- 707
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 145 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 48
- FWCI
- 11.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- interoception, interoceptive signals, signal integration, neural pathways, predictive modeling, research framework
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Interoception
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