Structure and Function of the Human Insula

Uddin, Lucina Q.; Nomi, Jason S.; Hébert-Seropian, Benjamin; Ghaziri, Jimmy; Boucher, Olivier

doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000377

Cited by 1,262Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsNeuroscience and Music Perception

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Structure and Function of the Human Insula

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Uddin, Lucina Q., Nomi, Jason S., Hébert-Seropian, Benjamin, Ghaziri, Jimmy, Boucher, Olivier·2017·Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology

DOI 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000377PMC PMC6032992

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Abstract

Summary: The insular cortex, or “Island of Reil,” is hidden deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain. Subdivisions within the insula have been identified on the basis of cytoarchitectonics, sulcal landmarks, and connectivity. Depending on the parcellation technique used, the insula can be divided into anywhere between 2 and 13 distinct subdivisions. The insula subserves a wide variety of functions in humans ranging from sensory and affective processing to high-level cognition. Here, we provide a concise summary of known structural and functional features of the human insular cortex with a focus on lesion case studies and recent neuroimaging evidence for considerable functional heterogeneity of this brain region.

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The insula can be considered as a hub integrating exteroceptive sensory inputs and interoceptive signals, linking external and internal experiences.
“The insula can be considered as a hub integrating exteroceptive sensory inputs and interoceptive signals (Uddin, Nomi, H ebert-Seropian, Ghaziri, & Boucher, 2017), and linking external and internal experiences.”
From The Peripersonal Space in a social world (2021) · cites this paper as Uddin et al., 2017
The shared anatomical features of the insula across rodents and humans suggest a role in fundamental and evolutionarily conserved functions.
“many anatomical features of the insula are shared across rodents and humans, suggesting its role in some fundamental and evolutionarily conserved functions [10].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
The “Cytoarchitecture, structural and functional connectivity” section compares insular connections in humans and macaques, not rodents. The copy’s summary describes functions of the human insula, but the passages found when searching for rodents and evolutionary conservation do not address shared rodent–human anatomy or infer conserved functions from it. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Many anatomical features of the insula are shared across rodents and humans.
“Although the human insula has a uniquely larger number of gyri and increased volume relative to brain size, many anatomical features of the insula are shared across rodents and humans, suggesting its role in some fundamental and evolutionarily conserved functions [10].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
The Cytoarchitecture, structural and functional connectivity section describes similarities in insular connections between humans and macaques, but does not compare humans with rodents. Searches for rodents, rats, mice, and comparative anatomy found no passage establishing the claimed shared features. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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“…together, these results suggest that both FA and OM meditation are associated with distinct patterns of increased activity in regions of the frontal lobe, notably the SMA and rACC; as well as, additionally, the insular region, located deep in the lateral sulcus of the brain (Uddin et al., 2017).”
Background
Linking bodily, environmental and mental states in the self—A three-level model based on a meta-analysis
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Cognitive impairment and depression: Meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies
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The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition
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Insular cortex
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The neural systems of emotion regulation and abnormalities in major depressive disorder
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Probing the neural signature of mind wandering with simultaneous fMRI-EEG and pupillometry
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Common and distinct neural correlates of music and food-induced pleasure: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
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The effect of adverse childhood experiences on chronic pain and major depression in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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The neurophysiological basis of compassion: An fMRI meta-analysis of compassion and its related neural processes
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Excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in autism: the role of glutamate and GABA gene-sets in symptoms and cortical brain structure
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The brain–heart axis: integrative cooperation of neural, mechanical and biochemical pathways
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Cognitive control, motivation and fatigue: A cognitive neuroscience perspective
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Structural Connections of Functionally Defined Human Insular Subdivisions
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Self-citation
The brain under stress—A systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of changes in BOLD signal associated with acute stress exposure
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Dysconnectivity of a brain functional network was associated with blood inflammatory markers in depression
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Focused attention meditation in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional functional MRI studies
Ganesan, S., Beyer, E., Moffat, B. A., Dam, N. T. V., Lorenzetti, V., & Zalesky, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104846 · Cited by 95
The Peripersonal Space in a social world
Bogdanova, O. V., Bogdanov, V. B., Dureux, A., Farnè, A., & Hadj-Bouziane, F. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.005 · Cited by 86
“This structure regulates functions of the autonomic system and participates in forming bodily self-awareness, sense of agency and body ownership (Seghezzi et al., 2019; Uddin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Multimodal Categorical and Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Threat Conditioning and Its Extinction in Individuals With Anxiety Disorders
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The Brain-Gut-Microbiome System: Pathways and Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Reactive vs proactive aggression: A differential psychobiological profile? Conclusions derived from a systematic review
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The neurobiological reward system in Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD): A systematic review
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Long-term follow-up of dynamic brain changes in patients recovered from COVID-19 without neurological manifestations
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The neurocomputational bases of explore-exploit decision-making
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Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review
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Differential insular cortex sub-regional atrophy in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Orientation of Temporal Interference for Non-invasive Deep Brain Stimulation in Epilepsy
Missey, F., Rusina, E., Acerbo, E., Botzanowski, B., Carron, R., Trébuchon, A., Bartoloméi, F., Jirsa, V., & Williamson, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.633988 · Cited by 82
Systematic transdiagnostic review of magnetic-resonance imaging results: Depression, anxiety disorders and their co-occurrence
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Integrating brainstem and cortical functional architectures
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Anterior insula reflects surprise in value-based decision-making and perception
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Genetic and environmental influences on functional connectivity within and between canonical cortical resting-state networks throughout adolescent development in boys and girls
Teeuw, J., Brouwer, R. M., Guimaraes, J., Brandner, P., Koenis, M. M. G., Swagerman, S. C., Verwoert, M., Boomsma, D. I., & Pol, H. E. H. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116073 · Cited by 79
Altered functional connectivity patterns of insular subregions in major depressive disorder after electroconvulsive therapy
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NIRS measures in pain and analgesia: Fundamentals, features, and function
Karunakaran, K. D., Peng, K., Berry, D., Green, S. A., Labadie, R. F., Kussman, B. D., & Borsook, D. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.023 · Cited by 69
Reconfiguration of Structural and Functional Connectivity Coupling in Patient Subgroups With Adolescent Depression
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Stereotactic thermocoagulation for insular epilepsy: Lessons from successes and failures
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Emotion regulation across the life span
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Blood Pressure in Seizures and Epilepsy
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Affective Neuroscience of Loneliness: Potential Mechanisms underlying the Association between Perceived Social Isolation, Health, and Well-Being
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A systematic review exploring the association between the human gut microbiota and brain connectivity in health and disease
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The Biology of Vasopressin
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The Neurobiology of Pathological Fatigue: New Models, New Questions
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Revisiting the physiology of nausea and vomiting—challenging the paradigm
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Further Examination of Teacher Behavior in Differentially Effective Schools: Selection and Socialization Process.
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Me, Myself and My Insula: An Oasis in the Forefront of Self-Consciousness
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The Cortical and Subcortical Neural Control of Swallowing: A Narrative Review
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Cytoarchitecture, probability maps and segregation of the human insula
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Neurocognitive Analysis of Low-level Arsenic Exposure and Executive Function Mediated by Brain Anomalies Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in India
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Brain volumetric changes in menopausal women and its association with cognitive function: a structured review
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Oxytocin Differentially Modulates Amygdala Responses during Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Aversive Anticipation
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Human Responses to Visually Evoked Threat
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Comorbid Consequences of War
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Covariation between spontaneous neural activity in the insula and affective temperaments is related to sleep disturbance in individuals with major depressive disorder
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Three-Dimensional Modeling and Augmented and Virtual Reality Simulations of the White Matter Anatomy of the Cerebrum
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Functional topography of anger and aggression in the human cerebellum
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The posterior insular cortex is necessary for the consolidation of tone fear conditioning
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The Neural Correlates of the Clock-Drawing Test in Healthy Aging
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Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study
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Common and distinct roles of amygdala subregional functional connectivity in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
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Common and Dissociable Contributions of Alexithymia and Autism to Domain-Specific Interoceptive Dysregulations: A Dimensional Neuroimaging Approach
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Effect of berry-based supplements and foods on cognitive function: a systematic review
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Mindful attention promotes control of brain network dynamics for self-regulation and discontinues the past from the present
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Altered resting-state voxel-level whole-brain functional connectivity in multiple system atrophy patients with cognitive impairment
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Clinical presentation of strokes confined to the insula: a systematic review of literature
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Cortical Thickness, Volume, and Surface Area in the Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome
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Cognitive Demands Influence Upper Extremity Motor Performance During Recovery From Acute Stroke
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Physical contact in parent-infant relationship and its effect on fostering a feeling of safety
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Alcohol use and interoception – A narrative review
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Authors: Uddin, L. Q., Nomi, J. S., Hébert-Seropian, B., Ghaziri, J., & Boucher, O.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Université de Montréal (CA)
Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
Corresponding author: Uddin, Lucina Q.
Nomi, Jason S.
ORCID: Uddin, Lucina Q.
Nomi, Jason S.
Hébert-Seropian, Benjamin
Ghaziri, Jimmy
Boucher, Olivier
Venue: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2017-07
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 300-306
ISSN: 0736-0258 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000377
PMC: PMC6032992
OpenAlex: W2732740969
Cited by: 1,262
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 113 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 193 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 175 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 4.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH107549)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
Keywords: insula, Sylvian fissure, cytoarchitecture, functional heterogeneity, sensory processing, emotional processing, cognition, neuroimaging
MeSH terms: Cerebral Cortex, Humans

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