Cited by 411Adventure Sports and Sensation SeekingDiverse Aspects of Tourism ResearchRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

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Playing with risk? participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism

Cater, Carl I.·2006·Tourism Management

DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005

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“In that sense, by giving student opportunities to exercise personal choice, overcome challenges and connect with others, outdoor activities enable optimal engagement (Brymer & Gray, 2009; Cater, 2006; Kiewa, 2001).”
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“But previous literature suggests that the risk aspect is not enough to capture adventure tourism behavior (cater, 2006; holm et al., 2017; Kane & tucker, 2004; Varley, 2006). the research results have shown the opposite when it comes to the negative influence of perceived risk on tourists’…”
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“Cater (2006) finds that adventure tourism participants perceive the risk associated with these activities as relatively low, while our findings suggest that the portrayal of dangerous activities was perceived as risky.”
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“Research suggests that whilst responsibility of participant safety has shifted from participants to operators as adventure tourism has commercialised, some responsibility still lies with the participant through their behaviours (Cater, 2006; Wang et al., 2019).”
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“It is worth noting that individual risk perception for the same situation is very subjective and varies from person to person in degree (Cater 2006).”
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“It is important here to consider risk in its broadest sense as the possibility for loss (Cater, 2006).”
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Analysis of Ecotourism Development and Sustainability in The Heart of Borneo, Indonesia
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“In ten years, ecotourism jumped from contributing two to four per cent profit (US$25 billion) of international tourism businesses in 2003 to 25 per cent profit (US$473 billion) in 2012 (Cater, 2006 quoted in Holden & Fennell, 2013; Hawkins & Lamoureux, 2001; Wu, 2012).”
Background
Macera Turizminin Görsel Haritalama Tekniğiyle Bibliyometrik Analizi: Web of Science Veri Tabanı İncelemesi
AYLAN, F. K. (2021) · Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi · doi:10.24010/soid.876074 · Cited by 4
Fatores intervenientes à prática do mountain bike junto à natureza
da Paixão, J. A., & Kowalski, M. (2013) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x2013000400009 · Cited by 4
Analysis of adventure tourist motivation: the case of China-born international students in New Zealand universities
Lou, J. (2014) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 4
An Exploration of Sherpas’ Narratives of Living and Dying in Mountaineering
Miller, M. C. (2017) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 4
Integrating the cognitive-affective-conative model and stress appraisal theory for adventure tourism: The impact of challenge perception and motivation on revisit intention
Lin, L., Kuo, N., Chang, K., & Cheng, Y.-S. (2026) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2025.101006 · Cited by 4
From finance to adventure: using ERM as a framework in adventure tourism
Hansen, M., Fyall, A., & Spyriadis, T. (2020) · Managing Sport and Leisure · doi:10.1080/23750472.2020.1829987 · Cited by 3
“The need for a risk management framework Risk is considered to be one of the main attractions of adventure tourism (Cater, 2006; Holyfield & Fine, 1997; Miles & Priest, 1999; Page et al., 2006; UNWTO, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
The dynamics of personality, risk, and choice: an oprobit analysis of adventure tourism preferences
Xu, Q., Jiang, J., Wang, M., et al. (2025) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2025.2503339 · Cited by 3
Wilderness Courage Scale (WCS)
Próchniak, P. (2017) · Human performance in extreme environments · doi:10.7771/2327-2937.1086 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, Cater (2006) states that risk is not the major issue in ‘‘play’’ with their own fears.”
Background
Climbing Dumbarton Rock: an exploration of climbers’ experiences on sport and heritage from the perspective of existential authenticity
Zhang, Y., & McDowell, M. L. (2020) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2020.1815565 · Cited by 6
Theorizing Mobility, Place and Adventure Tourism
Gonçalves, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48705-8_1 · Cited by 3
“What is revealing about this table, however, are the activities listed as well as those that are not listed, for example, jet-boating (Cater 2006), paragliding, hang-gliding, skydiving (Celsi et al. 1993), “parachuting” (Carnicelli-Filho et al. 2010) and bungee jumping (McKay 2014).”
Background
Dağcılık- Heyecan Arayışı ve Ölüm Kaygısı Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Gürer, B. (2022) · Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.25307/jssr.1035390 · Cited by 3
Challenges in outdoor tourism explorations: an embodied approach
Farkić, J. M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003274117-15 · Cited by 3
Flow Experience in Tourism Activities
Armağan, E., & Temel, E. (2022) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4380-4.ch009 · Cited by 3
The Impact of Tourists’ Sensation Seeking in Space Tourism on Their Expectation of Experience Within the Postmodern Tourism Paradigm
Açıksözlü, Ö., & Varol, İ. (2024) · Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness · doi:10.58636/jtis.1472976 · Cited by 3
Recreation through adventure sports: perceptions and engagement insights from tourists in Kullu Valley (Bharat)
Kumar, A., Nag, A., Guleria, S., Singh, M., & Sharma, P. (2024) · Journal of Sport & Tourism · doi:10.1080/14775085.2025.2468236 · Cited by 4
“The majority of tourists view adventure as a recreational activity, supporting the notion that adventure tourism is increasingly recognized as a means to enhance physical fitness, mental well-being, and overall health, as widely acknowledged by (Cater, 2006; Gardiner & Kwek, 2017).”
Happiness, Satisfaction, and Risk Perception
Filep, S., Klint, L. M., Whitelaw, P. A., Dominey‐Howes, D., & Lacy, T. D. (2014) · Tourism Review International · doi:10.3727/154427214x13910101597247 · Cited by 3
Seeking authenticity: Re-conceptualizing Adventure Tourism
Duffy, L. N., & Overholt, J. R. (2013) · Indiana Magazine of History (Indiana University) · Cited by 3
Adventure tourists in Pretoria, South Africa: A demographic profile
Lötter, M. J., Geldenhuys, S., & Potgieter, M. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 3
Abenteuertourismus in der Hochschulausbildung in Deutschland
Sand, M., & Groß, S. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft · doi:10.1515/tw-2016-0005 · Cited by 3
“Der weltweit florierende Tourismusmarkt erfährt zunehmend eine Untergliederung, d.h. es entstehen Angebote für spezifische Interessensgruppen und neue Tourismusformen (vgl. Cater 2006).”
Background
GIS based mapping and analysis of landslide hazard’s impact on tourism: a case study of Balakot valley, Pakistan
Hussain, A., Khan, M. R., Malik, N. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Advanced Geosciences · doi:10.14419/ijag.v5i2.8335 · Cited by 3
“Geographic Information System and Remote sensing (GIS/RS) provide a powerful procedure by demonstrating the landslides hazard for their spatial analysis and future occurrence (Carrara et al. 1991, Drabek 1994) and Cater (2006).”
The Construction of a Security Coefficient for Tourist Destinations Based on Travel Insurance Purchase Behavior
Korstanje, M. E., & GEORGE, B. P. (2017) · Tourism Analysis · doi:10.3727/108354217x15023805452158 · Cited by 4
Açık alan rekreasyonu kapsamında doğa macera eğitim paradigması
DİNÇ, S. C. (2021) · Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.47615/issej.1017044 · Cited by 3
“Bu etkinlikler heyecan ve riskleri deneyimleme arzusuyla mağracılıktan paraşütle atlamaya, kanyon geçişinden derin sulara dalışa, dağlara tırmanıştan arazi taşıtı (off-road) sürüşüne kadar geniş bir yelpazedeki farklı deneyimleri kapsamaktadır (Cater, 2006).”
The role of risk and safety in shaping the experiences of guided adventure tourists: a case study of sea-kayak and multi-day walking participants
Smith, E. F., & Espiner, S. (2007) · Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University) · Cited by 3

Authors: Cater, C. I.
Affiliations: Griffith University (AU)
Corresponding author: Cater, Carl I.
ORCID: Cater, Carl I.
Venue: Tourism Management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-04
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 317-325
ISSN: 0261-5177 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005
OpenAlex: W2058649649
Semantic Scholar: 0c70c9b93978b50b9a690b18ef2612cb77e86b71
Cited by: 411
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 4.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Tourism Management (publishedVersion)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Keywords: adventure tourism, risk perception, sensation seeking, fear, risk management, corporate sustainability, Queenstown, participant motivation

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Playing with risk? participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism

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