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Cited by 22Diverse Aspects of Tourism ResearchRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness ManagementAdventure Sports and Sensation Seeking

Restorative environmental perception’s influence on post-tour behavior of desert off-road self-driving tourists: the mediating role of flow experience

Open access
Li, Cai, He, Jingyi·2023·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su151712934
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Abstract

Desert tourism has always been one of the main types of adventure tourism in the world. Restorative environmental perception and flow experience are closely related concepts in adventure activities, but few studies have examined the mechanisms of their effects on tourists’ post-tour behaviors. Desert off-road self-driving tours, as a typical adventure tourism project, are suitable for studying the relationships among three factors. We chose the Kumutag Desert as our study area, as it attracts many off-road self-driving tourists every year. Based on SOR theory, data were collected through questionnaires, and partial least squares structural equation models were constructed using SmartPLS 3.0 software. It was found that (1) restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on visitors’ flow experiences; (2) flow experience has a direct positive influence on tourists’ revisit behaviors and recommendation behaviors; (3) novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility in restorative environmental perception have a direct positive influence on tourists’ post-tour behaviors; (4) flow experience partially mediates the relationships among novelty, escape, fascination, compatibility, and post-tour behavior. This article deepens the understanding of the mechanism by which restorative environmental perception and flow experience affect tourists’ post-tour behaviors while expanding the scope through three studies and providing theoretical support for subsequent research on adventure tourism.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study uses SOR theory and PLS-SEM to examine how restorative environmental perception and flow experience shape post-tour behavior among desert off-road self-driving tourists in the Kumutag Desert. It finds that restorative environmental perception positively affects flow experience, flow experience positively affects revisit and recommendation behaviors, and flow experience partially mediates the effects of novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility on post-tour behavior.

Key findings

  • Restorative environmental perception significantly and positively influenced flow experience (path coefficient = 0.826, t = 39.9, p = 0), and flow experience significantly and positively influenced post-tour behavior (path coefficient = 0.419, t = 6.59, p = 0).
  • Among restorative environmental perception dimensions, novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility had direct positive effects on post-tour behavior: escape = 0.329, novelty = 0.263, fascination = 0.284, compatibility = 0.200; coherence was not retained/supported.
  • Flow experience partially mediated the relationships between novelty, escape, fascination, compatibility, and post-tour behavior, with VAF values of 59%, 52%, 58%, and 71%, respectively.
  • The overall model explained 60% of the variance in post-tour behavior (R² = 0.60), with Q² = 0.59 for flow experience and Q² = 0.55 for post-tour behavior; GoF = 0.73.

Methods

  • Design: questionnaire-based structural equation modeling grounded in the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) model, using partial least squares (PLS) in SmartPLS 3.0.
  • Sample and setting: desert off-road self-driving tourists at the Longmen Inn off-road base on the northern edge of the Kumutag Desert, Xinjiang; after a prestudy with 50 valid samples, formal data collection yielded 147 valid online questionnaires and 257 valid offline questionnaires, totaling 404 valid questionnaires with a 90% effective rate.
  • Measures and analysis: restorative environmental perception was measured with Guo et al.’s five-dimensional, 21-item scale; flow experience with Jackson and Marsh’s 27-item, nine-dimensional Flow State Scale; post-tour behavior with two items on recommendation and revisit, all on five-point Likert scales. Analysis included reliability/validity testing, path analysis, bootstrapping with 5,000 repetitions, and mediation testing via VAF.

Limitations

  • Stated: the study area was limited to the Kumutag Desert and did not examine how different desert qualities affect visitor experience; future work should expand the study area and period.
  • Stated: the study did not include tourists’ subjective intentions or physical/mental health status, which may limit causal inference; future research should use physiological tools such as ERP and EDA.
  • Stated and evident: driving proficiency differences were not controlled, and future studies could add driver specialization as a moderator with a control group; additionally, the sample was 76.7% male and the coherence dimension plus several flow dimensions failed reliability and were excluded, which may limit generalizability and alter the tested model.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su151712934

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 36 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In desert off-road self-driving tourism, flow experience partially mediates the relationship between fascination and post-tour behavior.

    “It was found that (1) restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on visitors' flow experiences; (2) flow experience has a direct positive influence on tourists' revisit behaviors and recommendation behaviors; (3) novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility in restorative environmental perception have a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors; (4) flow”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In desert off-road self-driving tourism, novelty in restorative environmental perception has a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors.

    “It was found that (1) restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on visitors' flow experiences; (2) flow experience has a direct positive influence on tourists' revisit behaviors and recommendation behaviors; (3) novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility in restorative environmental perception have a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors; (4) flow”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In desert off-road self-driving tourism, fascination in restorative environmental perception has a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors.

    “It was found that (1) restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on visitors' flow experiences; (2) flow experience has a direct positive influence on tourists' revisit behaviors and recommendation behaviors; (3) novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility in restorative environmental perception have a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors; (4) flow”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In desert off-road self-driving tourism, flow experience partially mediates the relationship between novelty and post-tour behavior.

    “It was found that (1) restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on visitors' flow experiences; (2) flow experience has a direct positive influence on tourists' revisit behaviors and recommendation behaviors; (3) novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility in restorative environmental perception have a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors; (4) flow”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In desert off-road self-driving tourism, restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on tourists' flow experience.

    “It was found that (1) restorative environmental perception has a direct positive impact on visitors' flow experiences; (2) flow experience has a direct positive influence on tourists' revisit behaviors and recommendation behaviors; (3) novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility in restorative environmental perception have a direct positive influence on tourists' post-tour behaviors; (4) flow”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29
  • May combine two claims. 13

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Flow experience generated when participating in events such as music festivals and folklore shows increases visitors' willingness to participate in similar events again and to share their experiences.

    “The flow experience generated when participating in events such as music festivals and folklore shows increases visitors' willingness to participate in similar events again and to share their experiences [56][57][58].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56][57][58]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The restorative environmental perceptions of climbers positively influence their flow experiences.

    “Studies on the flow experiences of climbers in the Austrian region have confirmed that the restorative environmental perceptions of climbers positively influence their flow experiences [7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Arnberger, 2012, Exploring Relationships Between Recreation Specialization, Restorative Environments and Mountain Hikers’ Flow Experience, Leis. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Kanas, the novelty dimension of restorative environmental perception significantly and positively influences post-tour behavior.

    “In a study on the restorative environmental perception of tourists in Kanas, Huang et al. [13] found that the novelty and escape dimensions significantly and positively influence post-tour behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Huang, 2022, Tourists’ Perceived Restorative Qualities and Post-visit Behavioral Intention: The Mechanism and Boundary Condition, Tour. Trib.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Guangdong's Nankunshan tourist resort, the compatibility dimension of restorative environmental perception significantly and positively influences tourists' post-tour behavioral intentions.

    “In a study of tourists' perceptions of restorative environments in Guangdong's Nankunshan tourist resort, Chen and Xi [1] found that the fascination and compatibility dimensions significantly and positively influence tourists' post-tour behavioral intentions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Chen, 2018, The Impact of Visitors’ Perceived Destination Restorative Qualities on Satisfaction and Post-tour Behavioral Intentions: A Cse Study of Nankunshan, Tour. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In recreational mountaineering, flow experiences positively influence visitors' experiences, which in turn influences their post-tour behaviors.

    “Studies of recreational mountaineering activities have confirmed that flow experiences positively influence visitors' experiences, which in turn influences their post-tour behaviors [32].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Kim, N.J., Kim, J.O., Lee, J.E., Mydin, O., and Marzuki, A. (2014). An Influence of Outdoor Recreation Participants’ Perceived Restorative Environment on Wellness Effect, Satisfaction and Loyalty. SHS Web Conf., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In ski eco-tourism, flow experiences directly and positively influence tourists' intentions to revisit and recommend.

    “A study of the flow experiences of ski eco-tourists found that flow experiences directly and positively influence tourists' intentions to revisit and recommend [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Qunming, 2017, Flow Experience Study of Eco-Tourists: A Case Study of Hunan Daweishan Mountain Ski Area, J. Resour. Ecol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The restorative perceptions of visitors vary with the type of environment.

    “Environmental psychology suggests that the restorative perceptions of visitors vary with the type of environment [17] and that there is not a parallel structure between restorative environmental perception dimensions but a differentiated and structural one [63].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Kaplan, R., and Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective, Cambridge University Press.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Restorative environmental perception plays multiple chain-mediating roles between tourism involvement and tourists' willingness to revisit.

    “Zhou and Ye [61] used restorative environmental perception as a mediating variable to explore the mechanism of action between tourism involvement and tourists' willingness to revisit and found that restorative environmental perception plays multiple chain-mediating roles in the structure of both.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Zhou, H.Y., and Ye, J.M. (2023). Mechanism of Rural Tourism Involvement, Restorative Environmental Perception and Revisiting Intention: A Mixed Model of Mediation and Regulation. Arid Land Geogr., 1–12. Available online: https://kns-cnki-net.webvpn.xju.edu.cn:8040/kcms/detail/65.1103.X.20230116.1601.001.html.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Guangdong's Nankunshan tourist resort, the fascination dimension of restorative environmental perception significantly and positively influences tourists' post-tour behavioral intentions.

    “In a study of tourists' perceptions of restorative environments in Guangdong's Nankunshan tourist resort, Chen and Xi [1] found that the fascination and compatibility dimensions significantly and positively influence tourists' post-tour behavioral intentions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Chen, 2018, The Impact of Visitors’ Perceived Destination Restorative Qualities on Satisfaction and Post-tour Behavioral Intentions: A Cse Study of Nankunshan, Tour. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Kanas, the escape dimension of restorative environmental perception significantly and positively influences post-tour behavior.

    “In a study on the restorative environmental perception of tourists in Kanas, Huang et al. [13] found that the novelty and escape dimensions significantly and positively influence post-tour behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Huang, 2022, Tourists’ Perceived Restorative Qualities and Post-visit Behavioral Intention: The Mechanism and Boundary Condition, Tour. Trib.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In cultural heritage tourism sites, the compatibility dimension of restorative environmental perception has a positive effect on tourists' revisit intentions.

    “Using the context of cultural heritage tourism sites, Korean researchers found that the compatibility dimension had a positive effect on tourists' revisit intentions [62].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Cho, 2016, Perceived Restorativeness of Visits to Cultural Heritage Sites, Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The beautiful scenery of a ski resort enhanced the flow experiences of skiers.

    “Frochot et al. [54] found that the beautiful scenery of a ski resort enhanced the flow experiences of skiers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Frochot, 2017, Digging deep into the experience—Flow and immersion patterns in a mountain holiday, Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Flow experiences during rafting promote tourists' positive emotions and satisfaction, which in turn influences their recommendation and revisit behaviors.

    “The flow experiences tourists have during rafting promote their positive emotions and satisfaction, which in turn influences their recommendation and revisit behaviors [60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Wu, 2011, The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective, Tour. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Not all dimensions of restorative environmental perception impact post-tour behavior.

    “Previous literature suggests that not all dimensions impact post-tour behavior, thus necessitating individual and meticulous examination of each dimension to refine the effects of restorative environmental perception on tourists' behavior in desert off-road scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Herzog, 2003, Assessing the restorative components of environments, J. Environ. Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There is not a parallel structure between restorative environmental perception dimensions but a differentiated and structural one.

    “Environmental psychology suggests that the restorative perceptions of visitors vary with the type of environment [17] and that there is not a parallel structure between restorative environmental perception dimensions but a differentiated and structural one [63].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Herzog, 2003, Assessing the restorative components of environments, J. Environ. Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The coherence dimension had no significant effect on mountaineering activities.

    “Wöran and Arnberger [7] confirmed that the coherence dimension had no significant effect on mountaineering activities”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Arnberger, 2012, Exploring Relationships Between Recreation Specialization, Restorative Environments and Mountain Hikers’ Flow Experience, Leis. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Flow experience mediates the influence of tourism service value on tourist satisfaction.

    “Xu [64] verified that flow experience mediates the influence of tourism service value on tourist satisfaction and suggested that tourism practitioners should focus on the role of flow experience in influencing tourist satisfaction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Xu, 2022, The Impact of Tourism Brand Value on Tourist Satisfaction: Based on Immersive Experience Theory Perspective, J. Commer. Econ.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Flow experience increases tourists' willingness to travel.

    “Zhang et al. [65] explored the mediating role of flow experience in tourists' viewing of short videos, using Ding Zhen's popularity as an example, and confirmed that flow experience increases tourists' willingness to travel.”
    • Also stated in: § 2.5.4. The Mediating Effect of the Flow Experience · boosted
      “Zhang et al. [65] explored the mediating role of flow experience in tourists' viewing of short videos, using Ding Zhen's popularity as an example, and confirmed that flow experience increases tourists' willingness to travel.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Zhang, 2022, Impacts of Internet Celebrities’ Short Videos on Consumers’ Tourism Attitude: A Case Study on Ding Zhen, Tour. Trib.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The main influential dimension of the flow experience during rafting for tourists was the sense of time distortion.

    “the main influential dimension of the flow experience during rafting for tourists was the sense of time distortion [60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Wu, 2011, The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective, Tour. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The Cronbach coefficient of each variable is greater than 0.8, indicating reliability meets requirements.

    “The Cronbach coefficient of each variable is greater than 0.8, which means that the reliability of each variable meets the requirements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Flow experience mediates the effect of social media travel sharing on travelers' impulsive travel intentions.

    “From an immanent perspective, the flow experience mediates the effect of social media travel sharing on travelers' impulsive travel intentions [66].”
    • Also stated in: § 2.5.4. The Mediating Effect of the Flow Experience · plain
      “From an immanent perspective, the flow experience mediates the effect of social media travel sharing on travelers' impulsive travel intentions [66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Yao, 2021, The Effect of Social Media Travel Experience Sharing on Potential Tourists’ Impulsive travel intention: Based on Presence Perspective, Nankai Bus. Rev.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The sample had good representativeness and enabled a follow-up study.

    “The sample had good representativeness and enabled a follow-up study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The prestudy excluded question items of four dimensions with Cronbach value below 0.7, and reliability of remaining dimensions was acceptable.

    “A total of 50 valid samples were collected, and the results of the analysis excluded the question items of the four dimensions with a Cronbach value below 0.7, and the reliability of the remaining dimensions was acceptable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The ten prediction dimensions constructed are reasonable according to the characteristics of the Kumutag Desert and the specificity of self-driving activities.

    “Therefore, the ten prediction dimensions we constructed are reasonable according to the characteristics of the Kumutag Desert and the specificity of self-driving activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Restorative Environment Perception Scale has good reliability and validity and general applicability to Chinese tourists.

    “Using a sample of Jiuzhaigou tourists, Guo et al. [27] validated that the Restorative Environment Perception Scale, which consists of five dimensions: coherence, novelty, fascination, escape, and compatibility.It has been shown to have good reliability and validity.The scale has general applicability to Chinese tourists, and we designed the questionnaire with reference to the scale.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Guo, 2014, The Difference and Structural Model of Tourist’s Perceived Restorative Environment, Tour. Trib.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The sense of time distortion and integration of awareness and behavior in flow experience had no significant effect on the emotional state of tourists.

    “Yen and Hsiao [36] confirmed that dimensions such as the sense of time distortion and the integration of awareness and behavior in the flow experience had no significant effect on the emotional state of tourists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Yen, 2013, Transcendent Experience, Flow and Happiness for Mountain Climbers, Int. J. Tour. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The research extends the perspective to desert adventure tourists, enriching the scope and object of research on restorative environmental perception.

    “We have extended the research perspective to desert adventure tourists, enriching the scope and object of research on restorative environmental perception”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Kumutag Desert is a restorative environment (a place of attention recovery).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    A total of 404 valid questionnaires were collected for an effective rate of 90%.

    “A total of 404 valid questionnaires were collected for an effective rate of 90%, resulting in a high recovery efficiency and good questionnaire quality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These four dimensions are not the main predictors of tourists' post-tour behaviors in desert off-road self-driving activity and are not part of the internal structural dimensions of the activity.

    “The results suggest that these four dimensions are not the main predictors of tourists' post-tour behaviors in desert off-road self-driving activity and are not part of the internal structural dimensions of the activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    In a study on restorative environmental perception of tourists in Kanas, the compatibility dimension did not have a significant effect on post-tour behavior.

    “In a study on the restorative environmental perception of tourists in Kanas, the compatibility dimension did not have a significant effect on post-tour behavior [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Huang, 2022, Tourists’ Perceived Restorative Qualities and Post-visit Behavioral Intention: The Mechanism and Boundary Condition, Tour. Trib.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The coherence dimension positively influenced tourists' purchase behaviors while shopping in a mall.

    “Rosenbaum et al. [19] found that the coherence dimension positively influenced tourists' purchase behaviors while shopping in a mall”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Rosenbaum, 2016, The restorative potential of shopping malls, J. Retail. Consum. Serv. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The question items were revised for the desert scenario context and through preresearch interviews.

    “The above question items were revised for the desert scenario context and through preresearch interviews.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The measurement model has acceptable reliability and validity, with Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.85, CR ≥ 0.91, and AVE ≥ 0.71 for all constructs.

    “| Variables | Items | Factor Loading | First-Order Variable Factor Loadings | Cronbach's Alpha | CR | AVE |”
    • Also stated in: § Variables Items · plain
      “| Loss of Self-consciousness | LOSC1 | 0.846 | 0.919 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.77 |”
    • Also stated in: § Variables Items · plain
      “| Novelty | NO1 | 0.758 | 0.904 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.71 |”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study area was limited to the Kumutag Desert and did not examine the impact of different desert qualities on visitors' sense of experience.

    “First, the study area was limited to the Kumutag Desert and did not examine the impact that different desert qualities have on visitors' sense of experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study did not include the variable of tourists' subjective intentions, which may limit the causal link in the findings.

    “Second, the physical and mental health status of tourists can impact the flow experience, and this study did not include the variable of tourists' subjective intentions, perhaps limiting the causal link in the findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The physical and mental health status of tourists can impact the flow experience.
35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few studies have examined the mechanisms by which restorative environmental perception and flow experience affect tourists' post-tour behaviors.

    “but few studies have examined the mechanisms of their effects on tourists' post-tour behaviors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is unclear how restorative environmental perception affects visitors' flow experiences and post-tour behaviors during desert off-road self-driving tours.

    “but it is unclear how restorative environmental perception affects visitors' flow experiences and post-tour behaviors during desert off-road self-driving tours.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Desert off-road self-driving tours are an adventure activity.

    “From the perspective of physical strength, challenge, and risk, desert off-road self-driving tours are undoubtedly an adventure activity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Kumutag Desert is a restorative environment (a place of attention recovery).

    “The desert is typically a place of attention recovery and where adventure happens.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-driving tourists need to use skills, improve concentration, and exert a sense of control during desert off-road to become fully immersed and gain flow experience.

    “Self-driving tourists need to use skills, improve their concentration, and exert a sense of control during desert off-road to become fully immersed in the activity and gain a flow experience that further influences their post-tour behaviors based on their restorative environmental perceptions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The physical and mental health status of tourists can impact the flow experience.

    “Second, the physical and mental health status of tourists can impact the flow experience, and this study did not include the variable of tourists' subjective intentions, perhaps limiting the causal link in the findings.”
6 of 6

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 23

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  2. Liu, 2018, Tourists’ Environmental Preferences, Perceived Restoration and Perceived Health at Fuzhou National Forest Park, Resour. Sci., 40, 381
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  10. Kaplan, R., and Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective, Cambridge University Press.
  11. Xie, 2016, The Interaction Ritual in Tourism Field: Dynamic Analysis of Emotion Energy in Tourism Experience, Tour. Sci., 30, 1
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  14. Wei, 2022, Research on the Influence of Anchor Characteristics on Consumers’ Impulse Purchase Intention in E-commerce Livestreaming, China Bus. Mark., 36, 32
  15. Chen, 2022, Influence of Semiotic Motivation on Post-tour Behavior in Sports Tourism: The Mediating role of Tourism Involvement, J. Shandong Sport Univ., 38, 101
  16. Li, 2022, Influencing Factors and Mechanism of Tourists’ Post-tour Recommendation Behavior of Tourism Performing Art: A Case Study of Looking for Dreams in Peony Pavilion in Fuzhou, Econ. Geogr., 42, 216
  17. Ye, 2021, Mechanism of rural tourism motivation, tourism involvement and post-travel behavior intention—A case of Turpan, J. Arid Land Resour. Environ., 35, 203
  18. Xu, 2022, The Impact of Tourism Brand Value on Tourist Satisfaction: Based on Immersive Experience Theory Perspective, J. Commer. Econ., 5, 88
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  22. Wang, 2022, Progress and Prospect of the International Restorative Environment Studies, Resour. Dev. Mark., 38, 827
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Authors
Li, C., & He, J.
Affiliations
Xinjiang University (CN)
Corresponding author
Li, Cai
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-08-28
Volume
15
Issue
17
Pages
12934
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su151712934
OpenAlex
W4386221012
Semantic Scholar
b9e470f7464b329ef082937554825750a0213b23
Cited by
22
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3
FWCI
9.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
Keywords
flow experience, adventure tourism, revisit intention, recommendation behavior, novelty, escape, fascination, compatibility, mediating effect

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