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Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female reproductive outcomes: PFAS elimination, endocrine-mediated effects, and disease
Open accessAbstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants frequently detected in drinking water supplies worldwide that have been linked to a variety of adverse reproductive health outcomes in women. Compared to men, reproductive health effects in women are generally understudied while global trends in female reproduction rates are declining. Many factors may contribute to the observed decline in female reproduction, one of which is environmental contaminant exposure. PFAS have been used in home, food storage, personal care and industrial products for decades. Despite the phase-out of some legacy PFAS due to their environmental persistence and adverse health effects, alternative, short-chain and legacy PFAS mixtures will continue to pollute water and air and adversely influence women's health. Studies have shown that both long- and short-chain PFAS disrupt normal reproductive function in women through altering hormone secretion, menstrual cyclicity, and fertility. Here, we summarize the role of a variety of PFAS and PFAS mixtures in female reproductive tract dysfunction and disease. Since these chemicals may affect reproductive tissues directly or indirectly through endocrine disruption, the role of PFAS in breast, thyroid, and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function are also discussed as the interplay between these tissues may be critical in understanding the long-term reproductive health effects of PFAS in women. A major research gap is the need for mechanism of action data - the targets for PFAS in the female reproductive and endocrine systems are not evident, but the effects are many. Given the global decline in female fecundity and the ability of PFAS to negatively impact female reproductive health, further studies are needed to examine effects on endocrine target tissues involved in the onset of reproductive disorders of women.
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“Numerous epidemiological and mechanistic investigations have implied a connection between exposure to PFAS and a wide range of diseases, such as altered immune function, adverse reproductive effects, liver and kidney damage, obesity, and cancers (25–31).”
From Toward the development of a molecular toolkit for the microbial remediation of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Additionally, we excluded all studies that provided an estimate of half-life solely based on renal clearance, since PFAS are also excreted through blood loss, maternal transfer to the foetus, breastfeeding, menstruation (Rickard et al., 2022), as well as through bile and faeces (Roberts et al., 2013; Chambers et al., 2021; Fletcher et al., 2022).”
From Estimation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) half-lives in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Rickard et al., 2022
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rickard, B. P., Rizvi, I., & Fenton, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fenton, Suzanne E.
- Venue
- Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 465
- Pages
- 153031
- ISSN
- 0300-483X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8743032
- OpenAlex
- W3214282621
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 21
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ZIA ES102785-11)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, women's reproductive health, endocrine disruption, PFAS mixtures, short-chain PFAS, long-chain PFAS, menstrual cyclicity, female fertility, breast tissue, thyroid function, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, drinking water contamination
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fertility, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Infertility, Female, Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prognosis, Reproduction, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Endocrine Disruptors
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