Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Definition, Aetiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

Escobar-Morreale, Héctor F.

doi:10.1038/nrendo.2018.24

Cited by 2,083Ovarian function and disordersEndometriosis Research and TreatmentDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Definition, Aetiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

Escobar-Morreale, Héctor F.·2018·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2018.24

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Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women. Heterogeneous by nature, PCOS is defined by a combination of signs and symptoms of androgen excess and ovarian dysfunction in the absence of other specific diagnoses. The aetiology of this syndrome remains largely unknown, but mounting evidence suggests that PCOS might be a complex multigenic disorder with strong epigenetic and environmental influences, including diet and lifestyle factors. PCOS is frequently associated with abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk factors. The diagnosis and treatment of PCOS are not complicated, requiring only the judicious application of a few well-standardized diagnostic methods and appropriate therapeutic approaches addressing hyperandrogenism, the consequences of ovarian dysfunction and the associated metabolic disorders. This article aims to provide a balanced review of the latest advances and current limitations in our knowledge about PCOS while also providing a few clear and simple principles, based on current evidence-based clinical guidelines, for the proper diagnosis and long-term clinical management of women with PCOS.

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PCOS does not appear in every woman with IR or hyperinsulinemia and not every woman suffering from PCOS presents IR, suggesting that there must be another malfunction that favors androgen excess in response to insulin or other triggering factors.
“However, the fact that PCOS does not appear in every woman with IR or hyperinsulinemia and the fact that not every woman suffering from PCOS presents IR, suggests that there must be another malfunction that favors androgen excess in response to insulin or other triggering factors [8].”
From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The non-hyperandrogenic phenotype presents with oligo-ovulation, PCOM and has the weakest connection with IR and metabolic comorbidities.
“The least severe is the non-hyperandrogenic phenotype, which presents with oligo-ovulation, PCOM and has the weakest connection with IR and metabolic comorbidities [8].”
From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
Women with increased insulin levels (regardless of their endo- or exogenous origin) have increased prevalence of PCOS.
“Because of these reasons, women with increased insulin levels (regardless of their endo-or exogenous origin) have increased prevalence of PCOS.”
From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The ovulatory PCOS phenotype comprises hyperandrogenism and PCOM and co-occurs with moderate IR and metabolic dysfunction.
“The next phenotype is ovulatory PCOS which comprises hyperandrogenism and PCOM. It co-occurs with moderate IR and metabolic dysfunction.”
From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
Hyperinsulinemia is the main reason for increased androgen secretion because insulin acts as a co-gonadotropin on the ovary, facilitates androgen secretion from the adrenal glands, and modulates releasing of luteinizing hormone (LH).
“It is believed that hyperinsulinemia is the main reason for increased androgen secretion because insulin acts as a co-gonadotropin on the ovary, facilitates androgen secretion from the adrenal glands, and modulates releasing of luteinizing hormone (LH) [8].”
From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [8]

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Endothelial Dysfunction in PCOS: Role of Obesity and Adipose Hormones
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A Modern Medical Quandary: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Oral Contraceptive Pills
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A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
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Renaming PCOS—A Two-State Solution
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LETTER TO THE EDITOR: An Extraordinarily Inaccurate Assay for Free Testosterone Is Still with Us
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Global Adiposity and Thickness of Intraperitoneal and Mesenteric Adipose Tissue Depots Are Increased in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
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Prediction of in vitro fertilization outcome at different antral follicle count thresholds in a prospective cohort of 1,012 women
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Unfavorable hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations persist after menopause in women with PCOS
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The Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors on Pattern Hair Loss: A Pilot Study
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Cutaneous Findings and Systemic Associations in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Evidence for Masculinization of Adipokine Gene Expression in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
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Clinical presentation of PCOS following development of an insulinoma: Case Report
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: What's in a Name?
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Combined oral contraceptives plus spironolactone compared with metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a one-year randomized clinical trial
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Two hyperandrogenic adolescent girls with congenital portosystemic shunt
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome — “A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery inside an Enigma”
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Does AMH Reflect Follicle Number Similarly in Women with and without PCOS?
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Sensitive RIA measures testosterone concentrations in prepubertal and pubertal children comparable to tandem mass spectrometry
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MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Secondary polycystic ovary syndrome: theoretical and practical aspects
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Menstrual dysfunction—a proxy for insulin resistance in PCOS?
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Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders
Rohm, T. V., Meier, D. T., Olefsky, J. M., & Donath, M. Y. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.013 · Cited by 2,066 · see citing works
Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Foretz, M., Guigas, B., & Viollet, B. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0242-2 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls
Witchel, S. F., Oberfield, S. E., & Peña, A. S. (2019) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2019-00078 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Sex differences in type 2 diabetes
Kautzky-Willer, A., Leutner, M., & Harreiter, J. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05891-x · Cited by 624 · see citing works
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Beyond Their Pancreatic Effects
Zhao, X., Wang, M., Wen, Z., Lu, Z., Cui, L., Fu, C., Xue, H., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721135 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Management, and Drug Repurposing
Sadeghi, H. M., Adeli, I., Calina, D., Docea, A. O., Mousavi, T., Daniali, M., Nikfar, S., Tsatsakis, A., & Abdollahi, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020583 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment
Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Cheng, X., Nie, X., & He, B. (2023) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-022-01091-0 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Obesity, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Infertility: A New Avenue for GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Cena, H., Chiovato, L., & Nappi, R. E. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa285 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female reproductive outcomes: PFAS elimination, endocrine-mediated effects, and disease
Rickard, B. P., Rizvi, I., & Fenton, S. E. (2022) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2021.153031 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and PCOS: Pathogenesis and the Role of Metabolites
Chen, W., & Pang, Y. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11120869 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Measuring the global disease burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in 194 countries: Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Liu, J., Wu, Q., Hao, Y., Jiao, M., Wang, X., Jiang, S., & Han, L. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa371 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
New Perspectives on the Pathogenesis of PCOS: Neuroendocrine Origins
Walters, K. A., Gilchrist, R. B., Ledger, W. L., Teede, H. J., Handelsman, D. J., & Campbell, R. E. (2018) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.08.005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Effect of Diet on Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Shang, Y., Zhou, H., Hu, M., & Feng, H. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa425 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Novel Role of the SIRT1 in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
Lu, C., Zhao, H., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Yao, H., Liu, T., Gou, T., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Tian, Y., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.78654 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on parameters of mental health, hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Jamilian, M., Mansury, S., Bahmani, F., Heidar, Z., Amirani, E., & Asemi, Z. (2018) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-018-0457-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Characteristic gut microbiota and predicted metabolic functions in women with PCOS
Zhou, L., Ni, Z., Cheng, W., Yu, J., Sun, S., Zhai, D., Yu, C., & Cai, Z. (2020) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-19-0522 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Bednarz, K., Kowalczyk, K., Cwynar, M., Czapla, D., Czarkowski, W., Kmita, D., Nowak, A., & Madej, P. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084334 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Detection Machine Learning Model Based on Optimized Feature Selection and Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Elmannai, H., El-Rashidy, N., Mashal, I., Alohali, M. A., Farag, S., El-Sappagh, S., & Saleh, H. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13081506 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Opportunities
Dong, J., & Rees, D. A. (2023) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000548 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Androgens and ovarian function: translation from basic discovery research to clinical impact
Walters, K. A., Rodriguez Paris, V, Aflatounian, A., & Handelsman, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-19-0096 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The interplay between androgens and the immune response in polycystic ovary syndrome
Shabbir, S., Khurram, E., Moorthi, V. S., Eissa, Y. T. H., Kamal, M. A., & Butler, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04116-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on quality of life of women in correlation to age, basal metabolic index, education and marriage
Tabassum, F., Jyoti, C., Sinha, H. H., Dhar, K., & Akhtar, M. S. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247486 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Differential Expression Profile of Plasma Exosomal MicroRNAs in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Jiang, X., Li, J., Zhang, B., Hu, J., Ma, J., Cui, L., & Chen, Z.-J. (2021) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.019 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and classification of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review
Barrera, F. J., Brown, E. D. L., Rojo, A., Obeso, J., Plata, H., Lincango, E. P., Terry, N., Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, R., Hall, J. E., & Shekhar, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1106625 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype
Barrea, L., Frias-Toral, E., Verde, L., Ceriani, F., Cucalón, G., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Moretti, D., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2021) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2021.100123 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Machine-aided self-diagnostic prediction models for polycystic ovary syndrome: observational study
Zigarelli, A., Jia, Z., & Lee, H. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/29967 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The prevalence of PCOS ranges from 6% to 20%, depending on the population and the diagnostic criteria reported in previous studies [4-6].”
Background
Do GLP-1 Analogs Have a Place in the Treatment of PCOS? New Insights and Promising Therapies
Szczesnowicz, A., Szeliga, A., Niwczyk, O., Bala, G., & Meczekalski, B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12185915 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mediterranean Diet Combined With a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern in the Treatment of Overweight Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients
Mei, S., Ding, J., Wang, K., Ni, Z., & Yu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.876620 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Does the Ketogenic Diet Improve the Quality of Ovarian Function in Obese Women?
Magagnini, M. C., Condorelli, R. A., Cimino, L., Cannarella, R., Aversa, A., Calogero, A. E., & La Vignera, S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194147 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Diagnosis delayed: health profile differences between women with undiagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome and those with a clinical diagnosis by age 35 years
Fernandez, R. C., Moore, V. M., Rumbold, A. R., Whitrow, M. J., Avery, J. C., & Davies, M. J. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deab101 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Current Clinical Evidence to Future Perspectives
Jensterle, M., Herman, R., & Janež, A. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10081989 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Higher Dietary Inflammation Potential and Certain Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Risk in China: A Case-Control Study
Wang, Q., Sun, Y., Xu, Q., Liu, W., Wang, P., Yao, J., Zhao, A., Chen, Y., & Wang, W. (2022) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2021.12.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effects of cinnamon on controlling metabolic parameters of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Heydarpour, F., Hemati, N., Hadi, A., Moradi, S., Mohammadi, E., & Farzaei, M. H. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112741 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome management: a review of the possible amazing role of berberine
Rondanelli, M., Infantino, V., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., Faliva, M. A., Peroni, G., Naso, M., Nichetti, M., Spadaccini, D., Gasparri, C., et al. (2020) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-020-05450-4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Prevalence of PCOS and related hyperandrogenic traits in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bayona, A., Martínez-Vaello, V., Zamora, J., Nattero-Chávez, L., Luque-Ramírez, M., & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2022) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmac011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
In utero Androgen Excess: A Developmental Commonality Preceding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Abbott, D. H., Kraynak, M., Dumesic, D. A., & Levine, J. E. (2019) · Frontiers of Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000494899 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin
Ouyang, J., Isnard, S., Lin, J., Fombuena, B., Peng, X., Chen, Y., & Routy, J.-P. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.581839 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pharmacological Approaches to Controlling Cardiometabolic Risk in Women with PCOS
Cignarella, A., Mioni, R., Sabbadin, C., Dassie, F., Parolin, M., Vettor, R., Barbot, M., & Scaroni, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249554 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neck circumference is a good predictor for insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Chen, Y., Zheng, X., Ma, D., Zheng, S., Han, Y., Su, W., Liu, W., Xiao, F., Lin, M., Yan, X., et al. (2021) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Efficacy of Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet with the Pronokal® Method in Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
Pandurevic, S., Mancini, I., Mitselman, D., Magagnoli, M., Teglia, R., Fazzeri, R., Dionese, P., Cecchetti, C., Caprio, M., Moretti, C., et al. (2023) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-22-0536 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Changes in Resting-State Cerebral Activity in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Functional MR Imaging Study
Li, G., Hu, J., Zhang, S., Fan, W., Wen, L., Wang, G., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.603279 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Obesity and the Risk of Infertility, Gestational Diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Pirotta, S., Joham, A., Grieger, J. A., Tay, C. T., Bahri-Khomami, M., Lujan, M., Lim, S. S., & Moran, L. J. (2020) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726866 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of Gut Microbiota on Omega-3-Mediated Ovary and Metabolic Benefits in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mice
Zhang, H., Zheng, L., Li, C., Jing, J., Li, Z., Sun, S., Xue, T., Zhang, K., Xue, M., Cao, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-023-01227-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xia, Y., Wang, Y., Cui, M., & Su, D. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-1050 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The serum steroid signature of PCOS hints at the involvement of novel pathways for excess androgen biosynthesis
Altinkilic, E. M., du Toit, T., Sakin, Ö., Attar, R., Groessl, M., & Flück, C. E. (2023) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106366 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chronotype: A Tool to Screen Eating Habits in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Barrea, L., Verde, L., Vetrani, C., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14050955 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Hyperandrogenism is one of the main features of PCOS and evidence supports that it is one of the most used markers to assess severity of PCOS [3].”
Background
Efficacy of WeChat-Based Digital Intervention Versus Metformin in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Randomized Controlled Trial
Dilimulati, D., Shao, X., Wang, L., Cai, M., Zhang, Y., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Kuang, M., Chen, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55883 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The PCOS guidelines recommend lifestyle interventions as the first-line treatment for PCOS (diet, exercise, sleep, and mood) [12,13].”
Lower Fiber Consumption in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Leung, W. T., Tang, Z., Feng, Y., Guan, H., Huang, Z., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14245285 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Control of Emotions among Polish Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Pokora, K., Kowalczyk, K., Wikarek, A., Rodak, M., Pędrys, K., Wójtowicz, M., Wyskida, K., & Jonderko, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416871 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): From Diagnosis to Treatment
Rani, R., Priyanka, P., Yadav, R., Bajal, N., Mandal, B. S., & Kumar, A. (2024) · International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology · doi:10.22161/ijeab.94.5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Differential activity of the corticosteroidogenic enzymes in normal cycling women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome
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Authors: Escobar-Morreale, H. F.
Affiliations: Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
Corresponding author: Escobar-Morreale, Héctor F.
ORCID: Escobar-Morreale, Héctor F.
Venue: Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-03-23
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 270-284
ISSN: 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
1759-5037
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2018.24
OpenAlex: W2793887346
Semantic Scholar: 370da203f6b1c460009e19dec22b635d9fe01f28
Cited by: 2,083
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 244 · 2025: 303 · 2024: 353 · 2023: 445 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 228 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 16.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
European Regional Development Fund
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction, insulin resistance, obesity, abdominal fat, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular risk, epigenetics, PCOS diagnosis, PCOS treatment, premenopausal women
MeSH terms: Animals, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Diseases, Obesity, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Hyperandrogenism

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Definition, Aetiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

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