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Cited by 3Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

Dynamics of Endocrine Disruptor Exposure in Early Life: A Mother–Infant Hair Biomonitoring Study

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Kalligiannaki, Aikaterini, Baliou, Stella, Vakonaki, Elena, Panteris, Eleftherios, Hatzidaki, Eleftheria, Tzatzarakis, Manolis·2026·Toxics
DOI 10.3390/toxics14020175PMC PMC12945111
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Abstract

Background: Fetal and postnatal development appears to be influenced in multiple ways by exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). We used hair biomonitoring to assess the burden of selected EDCs—bisphenol S (BPS), parabens (PBs), triclosan (TCS), and organochlorine pollutants—in pregnant women and their children at birth and at ten months of follow-up. Methods: Hair samples were collected from pregnant women in Crete at delivery and from their infants shortly after birth and during follow-up. The assessment of EDCs’ burden was performed using liquid and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS, GC-MS). Results: Pregnant mothers had higher BPS levels than their infants at birth, whereas at 10 months’ follow-up, infants exhibited markedly higher BPS concentrations than both their birth levels and the maternal levels, indicating increasing postnatal exposure. Infants at birth had higher TCS levels than their mothers; these levels then declined at follow-up. In contrast, mothers contained higher levels of MeP, EthP, BenP, and ButP levels than those of infants, either at birth or at ten months’ follow-up. Organochlorine compounds were present at low but measurable levels. Significant pairwise comparisons were observed for some of the EDC analytes, mostly between mothers and their infants and between mothers and infants at follow-up. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate constant, compound-specific, and time-dependent EDC burdens, highlighting the importance of prenatal EDC exposure in infants at birth and at ten months’ follow-up compared to that of mothers.

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  • Pregnancy-period environmental and dietary exposures are shaped by geography, occupation, housing, and socioeconomic position, and often co-occur with psychosocial stress and constrained access to health-promoting resources.

    “Pregnancy-period environmental and dietary exposures are shaped by geography, occupation, housing, and socioeconomic position, and they often co-occur with psychosocial stress and constrained access to health-promoting resources [71,72,73,74].”

    From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [74]

    The Discussion links differences in pregnancy BPS exposure to occupation, and Results §3.3 identifies household water and plumbing as potential exposure sources. The Introduction also identifies diet as an exposure pathway. The paper does not establish that geography or socioeconomic position shapes these exposures, or that they often co-occur with psychosocial stress and constrained access to health-promoting resources. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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  1. [40]Płotka J. Narkowicz S. Polkowska Z. Biziuk M. Namieśnik J. Effects of Addictive Substances during Pregnancy and Infancy and Their Analysis in Biological Materials Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014 227 55 77 10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_2 24158579 · DOI

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Authors
Kalligiannaki, A., Baliou, S., Vakonaki, E., Panteris, E., Hatzidaki, E., & Tzatzarakis, M.
Affiliations
University of Crete (GR)
Corresponding author
  • Baliou, Stella
  • Tzatzarakis, Manolis
ORCID
Venue
Toxics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2026-02-16
Volume
14
Issue
2
Pages
175
ISSN
2305-6304 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/toxics14020175
PMC
PMC12945111
OpenAlex
W7129098177
Cited by
3
References
74
Citations by year
2026: 3
FWCI
9.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Toxics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
University of Crete
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords
endocrine disruptors, prenatal exposure, infant exposure, maternal exposure, bisphenol S, parabens, triclosan, organochlorine contaminants, postnatal exposure, time-varying exposure

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