The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 32 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK
Open accessAbstract
For the UK to meet their national target of net zero emissions as part of the central Paris Agreement target, further emphasis needs to be placed on decarbonizing public transport and moving away from personal transport (conventionally fuelled vehicles (CFVs) and electric vehicles (EVs)). Electric buses (EBs) and hydrogen buses (HBs) have the potential to fulfil requirements if powered from low carbon renewable energy sources. A comparison of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced from conventionally fuelled buses (CFB), EBs and HBs between 2017 and 2050 under four National Grid electricity scenarios was conducted. In addition, emissions per person at different vehicle capacity levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) were projected for CFBs, HBs, EBs and personal transport assuming a maximum of 80 passengers per bus and four per personal vehicle. Results indicated that CFVs produced 30 gCO2 km−1 per person compared to 16.3 gCO2 km−1 per person by CFBs by 2050. At 100% capacity, under the two-degree scenario, CFB emissions were 36 times higher than EBs, 9 times higher than HBs and 12 times higher than EVs in 2050. Cumulative emissions under all electricity scenarios remained lower for EBs and HBs. Policy makers need to focus on encouraging a modal shift from personal transport towards sustainable public transport, primarily EBs as the lowest level emitting vehicle type. Simple electrification of personal vehicles will not meet the required targets. Simultaneously, CFBs need to be replaced with EBs and HBs if the UK is going to meet emission targets.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper projects UK CO₂ emissions from conventionally fuelled buses (CFBs), electric buses (EBs), and hydrogen buses (HBs) from 2017 to 2050 under four National Grid electricity scenarios, comparing them with conventionally fuelled vehicles (CFVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). It concludes that EBs produce the lowest operating emissions per person and that a modal shift from personal vehicles to sustainable public transport is needed for the UK to meet net-zero targets.
Key findings
- At 100% capacity under the two-degree scenario, 2050 CFB emissions were 36 times higher than EBs, 9 times higher than HBs, and 12 times higher than EVs.
- At 100% capacity, CFVs produced 30.0 gCO₂ km⁻¹ per person in 2017 and 21.8 in 2050, while CFBs produced 16.3 in 2017 and 14.2 in 2050; EBs produced 5.3 in 2017 and 0.4 in 2050, and HBs 12.9 in 2017 and 1.6 in 2050.
- Under the two-degree scenario, EBs emitted 3.2 gCO₂ km⁻¹ per person at 100% capacity versus 7.8 for HBs; at 25% capacity, EBs emitted 12.8 versus 31.2 for HBs.
- Cumulative 2017–2050 emissions under the two-degree scenario were 19.8 MtCO₂ for EBs, 48.1 MtCO₂ for HBs, 169.4 MtCO₂ for EVs, 258.3 MtCO₂ for CFBs, and 1315.7 MtCO₂ for CFVs.
Methods
- The study projected CO₂ emissions from CFBs, EBs, and HBs between 2017 and 2050 under four UK National Grid electricity scenarios: two-degree, steady progression, community renewables, and consumer evolution.
- It used UK Government and National Grid data plus the TEAM-UK model for bus numbers and distance travelled, and calculated emissions per person at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% vehicle capacity assuming 80 passengers per bus and four per personal vehicle.
- EB modelling used 1.2 kWh km⁻¹ and an inefficiency factor of 1.18; HB modelling used 1.8 kWh km⁻¹, electrolysis inefficiency of 1.72, and a fuel-cell conversion factor of 1.25; SMR and coal gasification with and without CCS were analysed for 2018 only.
Limitations
- The paper states it does not directly consider embedded carbon costs of vehicles, including decommissioning CFVs and constructing new vehicles, and that SMR/coal gasification could only be analysed for 2018 due to data certainty limitations.
- The paper states EB energy consumption and conversion factors were kept constant through 2050, so EB emissions may be overestimated, and hydrogen estimates do not include life-cycle emissions from the generation source.
- The text makes evident that the model is simple and assumes all electric modes are electric from 2017, that cars are at full capacity in some comparisons despite average CFV occupancy of 1.6, and that costs, infrastructure, and behavioural drivers of modal shift are discussed but not fully modelled.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
41 Own result · 34 Own interpretation · 19 No basis given · 13 No full text of the sources · 5 Sources not found · 4 Partly supported · 4 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Transitioning towards electricity generated from sustainable sources is essential for the UK to meet its net zero emissions target (Sithole et al., 2016).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.1. Electricity generation in the UK
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Sithole et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 3) calls a transition to sustainable electricity generation a UK policy priority, and the Conclusion (p. 15) links low-carbon generation to decarbonising the power sector by 2050. But the paper identifies the UK's national target as an 80% emissions reduction by 2050, not net zero; its near-zero projection concerns electricity-sector emissions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the carbon intensity of power generation will need to be reduced from 0.5 tCO 2 MWh -1 to 0.045 tCO 2 MWh -1 by 2035 (Heuberger et al., 2017).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.1. Electricity generation in the UK
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Heuberger et al., 2017 source
Section 2.3, “Carbon avoidance and energy system cost,” states that the UK electricity sector’s emissions target translates to a reduction in power-generation carbon intensity from 0.5 to 0.045 t CO₂/MWh by 2035. The citing sentence matches those figures and the deadline; the paper frames them specifically as a UK target. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, if the electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the environmental benefits will be diminished (Correa et al., 2017;Mekhilef et al., 2012).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Correa et al., 2017 source
The Results and discussion section says that the 2018 electricity mix was strongly dependent on fossil fuels and that this contributed to poor performance for battery-electric buses. It also reports improved performance in the 2030 scenario with a larger renewable-energy share, supporting the claim that fossil-fuel-generated electricity diminishes their environmental benefits. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites Mekhilef et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“If HB and EBs are fuelled from renewables, they could be especially advantageous within city centres where there is typically heavy traffic and as a result air quality can be poor due to emissions from CFVs and CFBs (Correa et al., 2017;Lajunen and Lipman, 2016;Lajunen and Tammi, 2019).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Correa et al., 2017 source
The Introduction says fuel-cell and battery-electric buses produce no pollutants during operation and that this is especially advantageous in city centres with heavy traffic and poor air quality. The Results and discussion report improved performance and emissions measures when renewable electricity and wind-produced hydrogen are used. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lajunen and Lipman, 2016 source
- Not matchedcites Lajunen and Tammi, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cumulative emissions under all electricity scenarios remained lower for EBs and HBs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicated that CFVs produced 30 gCO 2 km -1 per person compared to 16.3 gCO 2 km -1 per person by CFBs by 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as soon as public transport use (i.e.CFBs) increases to 50% then this is approximately equal to 100% capacity CFV usage (32.6 gCO 2 km -1 and 30 gCO 2 km -1 respectively).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 100% capacity, under the two-degree scenario, CFB emissions were 36 times higher than EBs, 9 times higher than HBs and 12 times higher than EVs in 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore in 2050, 25% capacity CFBs would produce 65% the level of carbon emissions produced by 25% capacity CFVs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicate that the twodegree scenario will produce the lowest level of emissions for HBs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.3. Hydrogen bus emissions from four national grid scenarios
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 45
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Approximately 99% of the H 2 produced and consumed within industry is generated by natural gas reforming (Hosseini and Wahid, 2016;Mohammadfam and Zarei, 2015;Ozalp, 2008) producing high levels of CO 2 as by-products (National Academy of Engineering, 2004).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.2. Hydrogen generation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hosseini and Wahid, 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mohammadfam and Zarei, 2015 source
- Partly supportedcites Ozalp, 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and §2, “Hydrogen production” (pages unavailable), identify steam reforming of natural gas as the major industrial hydrogen-production technique. They do not give the claimed approximately 99% share of hydrogen produced and consumed. The CO2 by-product statement is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Both EBs and HBs offer key advantages over conventionally fuelled buses (CFBs) and other conventionally fuelled vehicles (CFVs), as they do not produce emissions directly from operation since their emissions are produced upstream (Correa et al., 2017;Mekhilef et al., 2012).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Correa et al., 2017 source
The Introduction states that battery-electric and fuel-cell buses have an advantage over internal-combustion vehicles because they produce no pollutant emissions directly during operation. It says their emissions arise upstream from electricity and hydrogen production. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Not matchedcites Mekhilef et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at 50% capacity, emissions from a CFB would almost half that of CFVs at 32.5 gCO 2 km -1 per person in 2017.However due to minimal technological advances if a CFB was at 50% capacity in 2050, emissions would be expected to be 28.5 gCO 2 km -1 per person.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emissions for CFBs are expected to peak in 2030 before decreasing, however by 2050, emissions are expected to be 0.02 MtCO 2 higher than in 2017.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1. Total emission comparison: CFBs VS CFVs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fig. 1 demonstrates that a standard four-person car produced 30 gCO 2 km -1 per person at 100% capacity in 2017.Due to technological advances, emissions per person could decrease to 21.7 gCO 2 km -1 per person by 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carbon emissions for this CFV capacity are significantly more than that of 25% CFBs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A bus at 25% capacity would produce 65.2 gCO 2 km -1 per person in 2017, decreasing to 56.9 gCO 2 km -1 per person.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under the steady progression scenario, emissions decreased by 78% over the studied period, though the decrease was not linear and contained a secondary peak in 2030.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.3. Hydrogen bus emissions from four national grid scenarios
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emissions for CFVs are expected to peak in 2020 to 41.5 MtCO 2 before decreasing by 7.3 MtCO 2 below 2017 levels.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1. Total emission comparison: CFBs VS CFVs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas a car could produce 120 gCO 2 km -1 per person in 2050, decreasing to 87 gCO 2 km -1 per person by 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1.1. Capacity emissions per Individual: CFBs vs CFVs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emission predictions indicate that in 2017, CFVs under both scenarios produced 5 times more emissions than CFBs.By 2050, emissions are 4.5 higher.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1. Total emission comparison: CFBs VS CFVs
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicate that under this scenario, the gCO 2 km -1 per person for CFVs at 50% capacity are almost double that of HBs and six times that of EBs in 2017.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.5. 50% capacity for CFVs, CFBs, EBs and HBs
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 6 indicates that EVs produce less gCO 2 km -1 per person than HBs in 2050, this remains unlikely as 100% EVs by 2050 is not likely achievable.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.7. gCO2 km -1 per person for CFVs, EVs, CFBs, HBs and EBs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emissions at 50% capacity demonstrate that CFVs produce the highest level of emissions in gCO 2 km -1 per person, followed by EVs, then all bus types”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under 50% capacity, emissions from HBs were 15.6 gCO 2 km -1 per person with emissions from EBs at almost half this level producing 6.4 gCO 2 km -1 per person.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.4.1. Electric vs hydrogen bus -emissions per person
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through comparison of kWh km -1 , HBs use 1.8 kWh km -1 , EBs use 1.2 kWh km -1 , whereas EVs use 0.17 kWh km -1 .”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The worst-case scenario remains 5.7 MtCO 2 lower than the CFB productions, with CFBs producing around four times more emissions in total in 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.3. Hydrogen bus emissions from four national grid scenarios
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without CCS, emissions using steam methane reforming was 11 times higher and for coal gasification, emissions were 19 times higher.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.3.1. Emissions from different hydrogen generation methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a more advanced technology, electrolysis using CCS would produce 15 gCO 2 kWh -1 (CCC, 2018).This would result in emissions produced of 0.25 MtCO 2 in 2018.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.3.1. Emissions from different hydrogen generation methods
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CCC, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2050, even with technological improvements CFVs remain the highest operating emitting transport mode producing 55 times more emission than EBs and 14 times more emission than HBs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.5. 50% capacity for CFVs, CFBs, EBs and HBs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicate that the cumulative emissions of EVs are substantially higher than for both bus types which is due to the higher number of EVs and distance travelled projected between 2017 and 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.6. Cumulative bus emissions vs cumulative CFV emissions vs cumulative EV emissions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For 75% capacity, HB produced 10.4 gCO 2 km -1 per person, with EBs producing 4.3 gCO 2 km -1 per person.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.4.1. Electric vs hydrogen bus -emissions per person
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CFB emissions remain relatively constant at 50% capacity within the time frame at almost half of CFV emissions in 2017.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.5. 50% capacity for CFVs, CFBs, EBs and HBs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicate that under the 25% capacity emissions from HBs are 31.2gCO 2 km -1 per person, whereas for EBs emissions are almost three times lower at 12.8 gCO 2 km -1 .”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.4.1. Electric vs hydrogen bus -emissions per person
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consumer evolution scenario saw the lowest decrease in emissions of 69%, with emission levels having a secondary peak in 2031 at 3.5 MtCO 2 before decreasing to 1.84 MtCO 2.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.3. Hydrogen bus emissions from four national grid scenarios
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper does not directly consider the embedded carbon costs of vehicles including the decommissioning of CFVs and the construction of vehicles.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 2. Methodology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although no single technology can make transportation carbon neutral (Mathiesen et al., 2015), this paper will focus on the environmental operating emissions of EBs and HBs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mathiesen et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the UK is one of the best suitable locations for CCS implementation as there are suitable carbon sinks (depleted oil and gas reservoirs and aquifers) with appropriate offshore infrastructure (BEIS, 2019d).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.2. Hydrogen generation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites BEIS, 2019d
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is due to a 19% increase in the number of buses and 3% decrease in the total distance travelled.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1. Total emission comparison: CFBs VS CFVs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Paris Agreement has set a target to limit global warming to less than 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102350°C above pre-industrial temperatures within this century (Pietzcker et al., 2014).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pietzcker et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, GHG emissions will need to reach optimum levels and decline as fast as possible to meet these targets (Pietzcker et al., 2014).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pietzcker et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To use H 2 for fuel, significant infrastructure improvements are needed as currently there are low numbers of H 2 vehicles in use within the UK (Southall and Khare, 2016).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.2. Hydrogen generation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Southall and Khare, 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SMR is one of the most widespread and least expensive methods of H 2 generation (Ogden et al., 2000).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.2. Hydrogen generation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ogden et al., 2000 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expanding and learning from policies in areas that have seen increases in public transport use, such as London, would further increase the emissions decrease seen across the country.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 2. Methodology
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By assuming the maximum capacity of an average bus is 80 and a small CFV is four, as least 20 CFVs could be taken off the road if buses were fully utilized, significantly reducing road transport emissions and congestion.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If increased use of public transport is achieved by 2050 there is a reduced need for the number of small EVs on the road which can help decrease transport emissions as well as partially mitigate increases in power generation, congestion, safety and reduction of CFV and EV infrastructure.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“HBs use more electrical energy due to the energy required to convert electricity to H 2 and back to electricity with the potential for loss in storage; therefore, it is expected they will produce a higher level of operating emissions than battery powered EBs (Shinnar, 2003).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shinnar, 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For CFVs, this decrease in total emissions is due to technological improvements, a decrease of 9% in the distance travelled despite a 25% increase in the number of vehicles between 2017 and 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1. Total emission comparison: CFBs VS CFVs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure consistency between the different fuel type models, the number of buses and distance travelled remained constant (Appendix A).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 2. Methodology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is since distance projections are based upon the need to fulfil demand, which in turn is estimated partly based upon the projected decrease in population size, resulting in a decrease in the need for public transport.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 2. Methodology
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The UK currently faces the 'chicken and egg problem' as although commercial H 2 vehicles exist, future development is dependent upon the widespread fuelling infrastructure to enable sales of H 2 vehicles (Kriston et al., 2010).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 1.2. Hydrogen generation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kriston et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from this study, particularly in Fig. 5, indicate that if the UK is to meet its emission targets, the travelling public need to move away from individual transport towards sustainable public transport.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to current technological advancements, EBs are more suited to shorter routes within cities such as London”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without a modal shift towards public transport, the UK will be unlikely to meet their net zero emissions target.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Table 6
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If HBs are to be more widely utilised, then the preferred method of hydrogen generation would be electrolysis using renewable energy technologies”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Table 6
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from the analysis presented in this paper indicate that widespread utilisation of HBs or EBs will be required if the UK is going to meet national emission targets, as technological advances are not a strong enough mitigating factor for CFBs to meet targets and neither is a simple switch to personal EVs.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, if an HB has more than 10 passengers and an EB has more than 7, the bus has less emissions than a full electric car.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results do not take into consideration life cycle emissions and assume that all electric modes of transport are electric from 2017, therefore although”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.7. gCO2 km -1 per person for CFVs, EVs, CFBs, HBs and EBs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bus operating costs per person are likely to be higher, unless fares subsidies are implemented, which could result in fewer passengers.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To reduce total costs, more individuals will need to use the bus system, however it is unlikely consumers will do this if faced with higher fares and choose cheaper, unsustainable transport options.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where as HBs have a larger range and may be suited to longer distances between cities and rural services.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is to be expected as H 2 generation requires electricity to be converted to H 2 and back again and will therefore be less efficient than direct electric transport.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.6. Cumulative bus emissions vs cumulative CFV emissions vs cumulative EV emissions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The additional costs are due to the electric mechanisms, for example, the battery package, electric motor and auxiliary system, but above all lack of mass production (Feng and Figliozzi, 2013;Mahmoud et al., 2016).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without CCS implementation the positive effects on dropping emissions would be dampened by the GHG emissions of SMR, furthering the likelihood of the UK missing its emissions targets of net zero.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Table 6
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HBs can be fuelled through electrolysis using excess renewable energy and with H 2 generation from SMR using natural gas combined with CCS for low emissions.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Currently HBs cost around one million euros per bus, a standard EB costs 450,000 euros compared to a standard CFBs of 250,000 euros (Hydrogen Europe, 2017).”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hydrogen Europe, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both HBs and EBs are expected to produce significantly lower levels of emissions compared to CFBs by 2050, however this is dependent on the energy generation method.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As technology currently isn't in place for 100% renewable electricity generation and gas generation will be required as dispatchable power, CCS is required to reduce emissions as far as possible whilst infrastructure is being implemented to achieve complete decarbonisation of electricity generation.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Technology is not currently in place for 100% renewable electricity generation.
- Rests on an assumption: Gas generation will be required as dispatchable power.
- Rests on an assumption: CCS will help to mitigate some of the emissions produced from fossil electricity generation that provide dispatchable power when renewable generation is low.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The energy required during hydrogen generation is the same regardless of source.
“It is assumed that the energy required during the hydrogen generation would be the same regardless of source.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The hydrogen production process is electrolysis.
“This analysis assumes that the hydrogen production process is electrolysis, thought to be the most environmentally friendly method.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The generation approach assumes localised generation and minimal transmission and distribution losses.
“This will reduce supply inefficiencies and was the assumed generation approach used in the methodology, assuming localised generation and minimal transmission and distribution losses.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Most HBs and EBs will be fuelled during the early hours of the morning.
“It is assumed that most HBs and EBs will be fuelled during the early hours of the morning, therefore there will be an increased peak in network energy demand which may require energy storage to ensure network stability.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All electric modes of transport are electric from 2017.
“Results do not take into consideration life cycle emissions and assume that all electric modes of transport are electric from 2017, therefore although”
The paper relies on this without support.
Technology is not currently in place for 100% renewable electricity generation.
“As technology currently isn't in place for 100% renewable electricity generation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gas generation will be required as dispatchable power.
“gas generation will be required as dispatchable power”
The paper relies on this without support.
CCS will help to mitigate some of the emissions produced from fossil electricity generation that provide dispatchable power when renewable generation is low.
“CCS will help to mitigate some of the emissions produced from fossil electricity generation that provide dispatchable power when renewable generation is low.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
“Emissions at 50% capacity demonstrate that CFVs produce the highest level of emissions in gCO 2 km -1 per person, followed by EVs, then all bus types”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Table 6
“Electric Vehicle 15.0 1.1 Conventionally Fuelled Bus 16.3 14.2 Hydrogen Bus 12.9 1.6 Electric Bus 5.3 0.4”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Abstract
“Results indicated that CFVs produced 30 gCO 2 km -1 per person compared to 16.3 gCO 2 km -1 per person by CFBs by 2050.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > Table 6
“Conventionally Fuelled Vehicle 30.0 21.8 Electric Vehicle 15.0 1.1 Conventionally Fuelled Bus 16.3 14.2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 3.1. Total emission comparison: CFBs VS CFVs
“Emissions for CFVs are expected to peak in 2020 to 41.5 MtCO 2 before decreasing by 7.3 MtCO 2 below 2017 levels.”
§ Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK > 5. Conclusion
“2 ) 2020 (MtCO | 7.57 | 41.5 | | 2 ) 2017 (MtCO | 7.52 | 41.8 |”
Citations
Cites
Hosseini, S. E., & Wahid, M. A. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.112 · Cited by 2,567
Going green to be seen: status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation
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Metadata
- Authors
- Logan, K. G., Nelson, J. D., & Hastings, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Logan, Kathryn G.
- Venue
- Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 85
- Pages
- 102350
- ISSN
- 1361-9209 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3026983565
- Semantic Scholar
- 762f0107480878e1a27bbd87b9f26fde9678a518
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 6.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Keywords
- electric buses, hydrogen buses, CO2 emissions, modal shift, vehicle capacity, net-zero emissions, electric vehicles, UK transport policy
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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