Cited by 184Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAgricultural and Biological ResearchUltrasound and Cavitation Phenomena

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Impact of ultrasound and conventional extraction techniques on bioactive compounds and biological activities of blue butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.)

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Mehmood, Arshad, Ishaq, Muhammad, Zhao, Lei, Yaqoob, Sanabil, Safdar, Bushra, Nadeem, Muhammad, Munir, Masooma, Wang, Chengtao·2019·Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

DOI 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.013

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Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of ultrasound on bioactive compounds and biological activities of blue butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). For this purpose, optimized conditions (temperature 50 °C, time 150 min, solid to liquid ratio 1 g:15 ml, 70% amplitude and 240 W, 20 kHz frequency, 3 s on and 3 s off) of ultrasound (US) and conventional extraction (AGE: Agitation, water bath for 150 min, 50 °C at 150 rmp) were used. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) effect of US and AGE on total phenolics (TPCs), flavonoids (TFCs) and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing activity, Cu2+ and H2O2) of butterfly pea flower extract (BPFE). The results showed an increased trend in yield, TPCs, TFCs and antioxidant activities of US treated BPFE with comparison to AGE. However, insignificant (p > 0.05) effect of US and AGE over TFlaCs and PACs were observed. Moreover, the results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed little changes in spectrum and US does not affect the functional group of bioactive compounds structure. Additionally, extracts (500–2000 µg/ml) protect pBR322 plasmid DNA damage induced by (1 mM H2O2 and 1 mM FeSO4), plasma oxidation (induced by 250 µM CuCl2) and inhibit erythrocyte hemolysis (induced by 200 mM AAPH, 34.6 to 66.73%). Sonication can be applied successfully for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials with high biological activities.

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Sonication and Microwave Processing of Phalsa Drink: A Synergistic Approach
Nadeem, M., Ghaffar, A., Hashim, M. M., Murtaza, M. A., Ranjha, M. M. A. N., Mehmood, A., & Riaz, M. N. (2021) · International Journal of Fruit Science · doi:10.1080/15538362.2021.1965942 · Cited by 23
“Non-thermal techniques such as ultrasound and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) have been researched in recent few years (Mehmood et al., 2019; Munir et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Comparison of Different Green Extraction Techniques Used for the Extraction of Targeted Flavonoids from Edible Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret) Flowers
Gil, K. A., Jokić, S., Cikoš, A.-M., Banožić, M., Jakovljević, M., Fais, A., & Tuberoso, C. I. G. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12071461 · Cited by 23
“UAE was introduced in the 1950s to improve hop flower extraction in beer processing [20] and has also been studied as a method for bioactive compound detection in flowers [21,22].”
Method
Variation of isoflavone content and DPPH• scavenging capacity of phytohormone-treated seedlings after in vitro germination of cape broom (Genista monspessulana)
Meza, A. B. C., Rojas, P., Cely-Veloza, W., Guerrero-Perilla, C., & Coy-Barrera, E. D. (2019) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.12.006 · Cited by 23
Multi-frequency sono-fermentation with mono and co-cultures of LAB synergistically enhance mulberry juice: Evidence from metabolic, micromorphological, sensorial, and computational approaches
Yaqoob, S., Imtiaz, A., Khalifa, I., Maqsood, S., Ullah, R., Shahat, A. A., Al‐Asmari, F., Murtaza, M. S., Qian, J.-Y., & Ma, Y. (2024) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107117 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Efficient recovery of procyanidins from grape residue by UAE-NADES and macroporous resin
Wang, C., You, Y., Huang, W., & Zhan, J. (2025) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107400 · Cited by 22
“Procyanidin Content (PAC): The content was determined using the method described by Mehmood et al. [33], with slight modifications.”
Self-citation
Effect of Radiofrequency Pre-treatment on the Extraction of Bioactives from Clitoria ternatea and Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Insights to Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
Kochadai, N., Bhosale, Y. K., & Sinija, V. R. (2022) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-022-02770-y · Cited by 22
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction-synergistic deep eutectic solvents for green and efficient incremental extraction of Paris polyphylla saponins
Liu, J.-Z., Lin, Z., Kong, W.-H., Zhang, C., Yuan, Q., Fu, Y., & Cui, Q. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120644 · Cited by 23
Butterfly Pea Flower as a Novel Ingredient to Produce Antioxidant-Enriched Yellow Pea-Based Breakfast Cereals
Singh, R., Yu, C., Chen, G., Chen, C.-H., Sinaki, N. Y., Lin, J., & Köksel, F. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11213447 · Cited by 22
“8 mg GAE/g (db), again in agreement with the TPC range reported for BP in the literature [34,35].”
Development of Smart Bilayer Alginate/Agar Film Containing Anthocyanin and Catechin-Lysozyme
Romruen, O., Kaewprachu, P., Karbowiak, T., & Rawdkuen, S. (2022) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym14225042 · Cited by 22
“Delphinidin is the primary anthocyanin responsible for the deep blue to purple color of butterfly pea flower [64].”
Background
Optimization of aqueous extraction of blue dye from butterfly pea flower
Baskaran, A., Mudalib, S. K. A., & Izhab, I. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012001 · Cited by 22
“The butterfly pea flower is known to be used as a dye for colouring material in food and herbal drinks [3].”
Background
Isolation of cellulose and synthesis of nanocellulose from banana (Musa acuminata) rachis fibre and their utilization and characterization as bioactive aerogels
Basumatary, B., & Mahanta, C. L. (2023) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-023-04260-3 · Cited by 21
Effect of Sonication on the Functional Properties of Different Citrus Fruit Juices
Nadeem, M., Ranjha, M. M. A. N., Ameer, K., Ainee, A., Yasmin, Z., Javaria, S., & Teferra, T. F. (2022) · International Journal of Fruit Science · doi:10.1080/15538362.2022.2079584 · Cited by 19
“Ultrasound is one of the important techniques used as an alternative to heat treatment due to less processing time and less energy inputs (Mehmood et al., 2019; Nadeem et al., 2018; Ranjha et al., 2022).”
MethodSelf-citation
Metabolite, volatile and antioxidant profiles of black garlic stored in different packaging materials
Ding, Y., Zhou, X., Zhong, Y. X., Wang, D., Dai, B., & Deng, Y. (2021) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108131 · Cited by 19
In vitro and in silico Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Selected Phytochemicals Widely Present in Various Edible Plants
Mehmood, A., Rehman, A. U., Ishaq, M. S., Zhao, L., Li, J., Usman, M. A., Zhao, L., Rehman, A., Zad, O. D., & Wang, C. (2020) · Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening · doi:10.2174/1386207323666200428075224 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Processing of Distillery Stillage to Recover Phenolic Compounds with Ultrasound-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extractions
Mikucka, W., Zielińska, M., Bułkowska, K., & Witońska, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052709 · Cited by 18
“[48], where it was noted that the antioxidant activity of compounds recovered from the butterfly pea flower was significantly higher (1.”
Background
From tradition to technology: A comprehensive review of contemporary food design
山下, 博., Abidin, M. R. Z., & Karim, S. A. (2024) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.100977 · Cited by 21
Synergistic enhancement in the mulberry juice’s antioxidant activity by using lactic acid bacteria co-culture fermentation
Yaqoob, S., Gouda, M., Mubeen, B., Imtiaz, A., Murtaza, M. S., Awan, K. A., Rehman, A., Alsulami, T. S., Khalifa, I., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81023-8 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Identification of anti-hyperuricemic components from Coix seed
Sui, Y., Xu, D., & Sun, X. (2023) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102461 · Cited by 17
Impact of different thin layer drying temperatures on the drying time and quality of butterfly pea flowers
Thủy, N. M., Minh, V. Q., Ben, T. C., Ha, H. T. N., & Tài, N. V. (2021) · Food Research · doi:10.26656/fr.2017.5(6).328 · Cited by 17
Antioxidant or pro-oxidant and glutathione transferase P1-1 inhibiting activities for Tamarindus indica seeds and their cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cancer cell line
Guneidy, R. A., Gad, A. M., Zaki, E. R., Ibrahim, F. M., & Shokeer, A. (2020) · Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s43141-020-00077-z · Cited by 16
“The highest level of evidence for herbal interactions comes from case reports and drug trials [64].”
Background
Emerging technologies for the recovery of bioactive compounds from saffron species
Shinwari, K. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821219-6.00004-x · Cited by 17
Comparison of extraction methods of phytochemical compounds from white flower variety of Melastoma malabathricum
Lee, T. H., Lee, C. H., Ong, P. Y., Wong, S. L., Hamdan, N., Yaakob, H., Azmi, N. A., Khoo, S. C., Zakaria, Z. A., & Cheng, K. (2022) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2022.04.026 · Cited by 21
Green and miniaturized ultrasonic-assisted extraction using natural deep eutectic solvents to extract phenolic compounds from tea samples
Carbonell‐Rozas, L., Romero‐González, R., & Frenich, A. G. (2024) · Advances in Sample Preparation · doi:10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100128 · Cited by 14
Green and sustainable technologies for extraction of carotenoids from natural sources: a comprehensive review
Sharma, S., Dedha, A., Gupta, M. M., Singh, N., Gautam, A., & Kumari, A. (2024) · Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10826068.2024.2402905 · Cited by 14
Development of kombucha-like beverage using butterfly pea flower extract with the addition of tender coconut water
Aksornsri, T., Chaturapornchai, N., Jitsayen, N., Rojjanapaitoontip, P., & Peanparkdee, M. (2023) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100825 · Cited by 13
The Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Effects of Clitoria ternatea: A Review
Ashraf, K., Adlin, N. F., Basri, A. N., Ahmad, W., & Sultan, S. (2023) · Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research · doi:10.5530/ijper.58.1.1 · Cited by 13
Specific extraction of bioactive flavonoids from Torreya grandis pomace using magnetic nanoparticles modified with a ChCl/acetamide deep eutectic solvent
Jiang, W., Liu, K., Huan, W., Wu, X., Zhu, M., Tao, H., Song, L., & Gao, F. (2024) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116914 · Cited by 13
Extraction and characterization of phytochemicals from Bauhinia variegata flowers using ultrasound and microwave techniques
Dip, G., Aggarwal, P., Kaur, S., & Grover, S. (2024) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107517 · Cited by 13
Unraveling molecular mechanisms of 1-deoxynojirimycin and polyphenol biosynthesis in mulberry leaves in response to ultrasound elicitation: An integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics approach
Mehmood, A., Ma, H., & Chen, X. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116072 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using leaf extract of Clitoria ternatea and evaluation of its antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activity
Roy, D. R. S., Aman, R., Chand, U., & Kushawaha, P. K. (2025) · The Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.microb.2025.100290 · Cited by 13
Sustainable approaches to analyzing phenolic compounds: a green chemistry perspective
Makhija, R., Barik, P., Mehta, A., Ganti, S. S., & Asati, V. (2024) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44211-024-00640-5 · Cited by 12
“The use of greener solvents, particularly NADES, is high-lighted in recent methodology as a solution to the problems with traditional extraction techniques is volumes of toxic, non-biodegradable, or flammable organic solvents [99].”
Development of a blue innovative antioxidant, biodegradable packaging material with Clitoria ternatea L. flos
Szymański, M., Pawlik, M., & Dobrucka, R. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105047 · Cited by 12
Optimization of Triterpenoid Extraction from Ganoderma lucidum by Ethanol‐Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide andthe Biological Properties of the Extract
Dat, T. D., Viet, N. D., Vuong, H., Linh, N. T. T., Ngân, N. T. K., Nam, H. M., Phong, M. T., & Hiếu, N. H. (2022) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202103444 · Cited by 12
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) for Simultaneous Determination of Individual Phenolic Compounds in 15 Dried Edible Flowers
Briliantama, A., Oktaviani, N. M. D., Rahmawati, S., Setyaningsih, W., & Palma, M. (2022) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae8121216 · Cited by 14
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenols from Crocus sativus by-products using sunflower oil as a sustainable solvent alternative
Slimani, C., Raïs, C., Mansouri, F., Rais, S., Benjelloun, M., Ullah, R., Iqbal, Z., Goh, K. W., Lee, L., Bouyahya, A., et al. (2024) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101579 · Cited by 10
“Optimizing extraction time is crucial for cost reduction and energy efficiency, considering the potential degradation of bioactive compounds under prolonged ultrasonic exposure (Mehmood et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2023).”
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Semi-Defatted Unripe Genipap (Genipa americana L.): Selective Conditions for the Recovery of Natural Colorants
Náthia-Neves, G., Santana, Á. L., Viganó, J., Martínez, J., & Meireles, M. A. A. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9081435 · Cited by 10
“For the FRAP, the antioxidant capacity of extracts was comparable with those obtained from the UAE of blue butterfly pea flower [44].”
Mapping Molecular Networks within Clitoria ternatea Linn. against LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglial Cells, with Molecular Docking and In Vivo Toxicity Assessment in Zebrafish
Zian, N. F. A. M., Swain, P., Faudzi, S. M. M., Zakaria, N., Ibrahim, W. N. W., Bakar, N. A., Shaari, K., Stanslas, J., Choi, T., & Kim, C. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15040467 · Cited by 16
“Extraction and Successive Fractionation of CT The extraction was performed using solid-to-liquid ratio 1:15 of each fine-powdered part of plant (root (CTR), leaves (CTL), and flower (CTF)) with 100% methanol at room temperature with ultrasonic assistance while maintaining the sonication bath temperature between 30 and…”
Method
Evaluation of Radio Frequency-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Non-Anthocyanin Polyphenols from Akebia trifoliata Flowers and Their Biological Activities Using UPLC-PDA-TOF-ESI-MS and Chemometrics
Song, X., Jiang, Y., Zhong, Y. X., Wang, D., & Deng, Y. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11213410 · Cited by 10
“As shown in Figure 3A, the UV spectra were not significantly correlated with TPC (Figure 1A), which might be associated with other compounds such as tyrosine (278 nm) and tryptophan (279 nm) absorbing at that wavelength [30].”
Background
Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of Commiphora gileadensis extracts obtained by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, with monitoring antiaging and cytotoxicity activities
Ahmed, H., Rashed, M. M. A., Almoiliqy, M., Abdalla, M., Bashari, M., Zaky, M. Y., Hailin, Z., Naji, T. A. A., Eibaid, A., Wang, J., et al. (2023) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.3339 · Cited by 9
“It thus preserves the bioactivity of the compounds (Mehmood et al., 2019).”
Background

Authors: Mehmood, A., Ishaq, M., Zhao, L., Yaqoob, S., Safdar, B., Nadeem, M., Munir, M., & Wang, C.
Affiliations: Beijing Technology and Business University (CN)
Jilin Agricultural University (CN)
University of Sargodha (PK)
Corresponding author: Zhao, Lei
Munir, Masooma
Wang, Chengtao
ORCID: Mehmood, Arshad
Ishaq, Muhammad
Zhao, Lei
Yaqoob, Sanabil
Safdar, Bushra
Nadeem, Muhammad
Munir, Masooma
Wang, Chengtao
Venue: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-03
Volume: 51
Pages: 12-19
ISSN: 1350-4177 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.013
OpenAlex: W2896976712
Cited by: 184
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11
FWCI: 8.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor, 1806 d)
Locations: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National key research and development program (2018YFD0400403, 2016YFD0400802)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571801)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena
Keywords: ultrasound-assisted extraction, Clitoria ternatea, butterfly pea flower, bioactive compounds, total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, DNA protection, extraction optimization, plant extracts
MeSH terms: Ultrasonic Waves, Animals, Antioxidants, Erythrocytes, Chemical Fractionation, Hemolysis, Oxidation-Reduction, Phenols, Plant Extracts, Temperature, Xanthine Oxidase, Clitoria, Proanthocyanidins

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Impact of ultrasound and conventional extraction techniques on bioactive compounds and biological activities of blue butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.)

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