Effect of pre-cardiac and adult stages of Dirofilaria immitis in pulmonary disease of cats: CBC, bronchial lavage cytology, serology, radiographs, CT images, bronchial reactivity, and histopathology
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A controlled, blind study was conducted to define the initial inflammatory response and lung damage associated with the death of precardiac stages of Dirofilaria immitis in cats as compared to adult heartworm infections and normal cats. Three groups of six cats each were used: UU: uninfected untreated controls; PreS I: infected with 100 D. immitis L3 by subcutaneous injection and treated topically with selamectin 32 and 2 days pre-infection and once monthly for 8 months); IU: infected with 100 D. immitis L3 and left untreated. Peripheral blood, serum, bronchial lavage, and thoracic radiographic images were collected from all cats on Days 0, 70, 110, 168, and 240. CT images were acquired on Days 0, 110, and 240. Cats were euthanized, and necropsies were conducted on Day 240 to determine the presence of heartworms. Bronchial rings were collected for in vitro reactivity. Lung, heart, brain, kidney, and liver tissues were collected for histopathology. Results were compared for changes within each group. Pearson and Spearman correlations were performed for association between histologic, radiographic, serologic, hematologic and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) results. Infected cats treated with selamectin did not develop radiographically evident changes throughout the study, were heartworm antibody negative, and were free of adult heartworms and worm fragments at necropsy. Histologic lung scores and CT analysis were not significantly different between PreS I cats and UU controls. Subtle alveolar myofibrosis was noted in isolated areas of several PreS I cats and an eosinophilic BAL cytology was noted on Days 75 and 120. Bronchial ring reactivity was blunted in IU cats but was normal in PreS I and UU cats. The IU cats became antibody positive, and five cats developed adult heartworms. All cats with heartworms were antigen positive at one time point; but one cat was antibody positive, antigen negative, with viable adult females at necropsy. The CT revealed early involvement of all pulmonary arteries and a random pattern of parenchymal disease with severe lesions immediately adjacent to normal areas. Analysis of CT 3D reconstruction and Hounsfield units demonstrated lung disease consistent with restrictive pulmonary fibrosis with an interstitial infiltrate, absence of air trapping, and decrease in total lung volume in Group IU as compared to Groups UU and PreS I. The clinical implications of this study are that cats pretreated with selamectin 1 month before D. immitis L3 infection did not become serologically positive and did not develop pulmonary arterial hypertrophy and myofibrosis.
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Early or end-stage parasite death can be associated with acute severe lesions (severe pulmonary thromboembolism and eosinophilic inflammatory response in the lungs) causing HARD.
“Early or end-stage parasite death can be associated with acute severe lesions (severe pulmonary thromboembolism and eosino-philic inflammatory response in the lungs) causing the so-called heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD)”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Pulmonary endo-mesoarteritis with occlusive medial hypertrophy are observed as soon as immature worms arrive in the pulmonary vessels (about 3 months postinfection).
“Pulmonary endo-mesoarteritis with occlusive medial hypertrophy are observed as soon as immature worms arrive in the pulmonary vessels (about 3 months postinfection).”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Pulmonary thromboembolism, arterial changes and bronchial collapse are common findings when cats with HWD undergo CT or angiography investigations of the thorax.
“Pulmonary thromboembolism, arterial changes and bronchial collapse are common findings when cats with HWD undergo CT or angiography investigations of the thorax.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Ray Dillon, A., Tillson, D. M., Wooldridge, A., Cattley, R., Hathcock, J., Brawner, W. R., Cole, R., Welles, B., Christopherson, P. W., Lee-Fowler, T., Bordelon, S., Barney, S., Sermersheim, M., Garbarino, R., Wells, S. Z., Diffie, E. B., & Schachner, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Auburn University (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 206
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 24-37
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043897545
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Zoetis
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria immitis, feline heartworm disease, selamectin, lung histopathology, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Helminth, Antiparasitic Agents, Blood Cell Count, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria immitis, Echocardiography, Ivermectin, Lung, Lung Diseases, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Case-Control Studies, Bronchoalveolar Lavage
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