Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics
Open accessAbstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: For feline practitioners, the cat with a cough or respiratory distress and thoracic radiographs with a bronchial or bronchointerstitial pattern suggests lower airway disease. Two important differentials, allergic asthma and heartworm disease (HWD), have many overlapping clinicopathologic features, but also clear and important differences in terms of cause and disease progression, treatment and prognosis. Notably, asthma is readily treatable and HWD is preventable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Feline HWD comprises two clinical syndromes: the comparatively recently described heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) and adult HWD. The former is much more common; very few cats with HARD develop adult HWD. In HARD, following death of immature worms, pulmonary lesions may improve over time ('self-cure'). Lesions of adult HWD also improve over time as long as reinfection does not occur; however, with death of adult heartworms, mortality is high, and the prognosis is guarded. In asthma, morbidity is relatively high, but mortality is low, with an overall good to excellent prognosis. DISEASE RECOGNITION: Feline asthma is encountered worldwide. In the authors' impression, feline HWD is often under-recognized. AIMS: The aim of this review is to assist clinicians in differentiating feline asthma from feline HWD; as such, the emphasis is on distinguishing clinical features, as well as on diagnostics, therapy and prognosis. In differentiating these conditions, clinicians can attempt the goal of properly managing these diseases and can best educate owners on prognosis. EVIDENCE BASE: For both feline asthma and feline HWD, the authors have drawn on the available peer-reviewed literature studies involving experimental models as well as spontaneous disease.
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Acute death of cats can occur when even only one worm is present.
“Acute death of cats can occur when even only one worm is present [1,10].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
A negative antigenic test cannot be the basis for ruling out an infection with D. immitis.
“A negative antigenic test cannot be the basis for ruling out an infection with D. immitis.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
Detection of antigen cannot confirm the presence of immature stages of the parasite.
“Detection of antigen cannot confirm the presence of immature stages of the parasite.”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
Melarsomine is toxic to cats at doses as low as 3.5 mg/kg.
“Melarsomine is toxic to cats at doses as low as 3.5 mg/kg [1,10,15].”
From First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Garrity, S., Lee-Fowler, T., & Reinero, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Corresponding author
- Reinero, Carol
- ORCID
- Reinero, Carol
- Venue
- Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-08-25
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 825-834
- ISSN
- 1098-612X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2750
- PMC
- PMC10814146
- OpenAlex
- W2969694413
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- feline asthma, heartworm disease, allergic asthma, differential diagnosis, lower airway disease, cough, prognosis, heartworm prevention, feline respiratory disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Asthma, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilariasis, Prognosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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